Unequal changes in commuting patterns across socio-economic strata in response to pandemic restrictions

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Marinelli, Cristiano, Ferres, Leo, Comini, Niccolò, Gozzi, Nicolò, Perra, Nicola
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Marinelli, Cristiano
Ferres, Leo
Comini, Niccolò
Gozzi, Nicolò
Perra, Nicola
author_facet Marinelli, Cristiano
Ferres, Leo
Comini, Niccolò
Gozzi, Nicolò
Perra, Nicola
contents Commuting patterns are a central component of urban dynamics and many societal activities. Exogenous shocks, such as a pandemic, might drastically modify them inducing heterogeneous variations across socioeconomic strata. Here, we quantify changes in work commuting patterns in Bogotá, Colombia during three different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic: pre-pandemic (2019), COVID-19 restrictions (2020), and partial reopening (2021). To this end, we use anonymized mobile phone data to infer home and work locations from recurring nighttime and weekday connection patterns, and to build daily commuting metrics. We aggregate mobility flows by administrative boundaries and socioeconomic strata. Additionally, we enrich the dataset with a range of other variables such as territorial vocation (i.e., urban versus rural), demographic information (i.e., population density) and, as a proxy for digital infrastructure quality, geolocated Speedtest measurements from Ookla. We find a marked reduction of commuting during restrictions in 2020 and a strong recovery in 2021, but with persistent heterogeneity across socioeconomic strata. Indeed, while commuting declined similarly across income groups during restrictions, groups of the population in the lower-income bracket rebounded faster to pre-pandemic levels. On the contrary, we find that groups in the higher-income bracket managed to keep higher stay-at-home behavior. Regression analyses reveal that territorial characteristics and disparities in digital connectivity significantly contribute to these differences, suggesting that infrastructure investments could help mitigate mobility-based inequalities.
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_11758
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
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spellingShingle Unequal changes in commuting patterns across socio-economic strata in response to pandemic restrictions
Marinelli, Cristiano
Ferres, Leo
Comini, Niccolò
Gozzi, Nicolò
Perra, Nicola
Physics and Society
Commuting patterns are a central component of urban dynamics and many societal activities. Exogenous shocks, such as a pandemic, might drastically modify them inducing heterogeneous variations across socioeconomic strata. Here, we quantify changes in work commuting patterns in Bogotá, Colombia during three different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic: pre-pandemic (2019), COVID-19 restrictions (2020), and partial reopening (2021). To this end, we use anonymized mobile phone data to infer home and work locations from recurring nighttime and weekday connection patterns, and to build daily commuting metrics. We aggregate mobility flows by administrative boundaries and socioeconomic strata. Additionally, we enrich the dataset with a range of other variables such as territorial vocation (i.e., urban versus rural), demographic information (i.e., population density) and, as a proxy for digital infrastructure quality, geolocated Speedtest measurements from Ookla. We find a marked reduction of commuting during restrictions in 2020 and a strong recovery in 2021, but with persistent heterogeneity across socioeconomic strata. Indeed, while commuting declined similarly across income groups during restrictions, groups of the population in the lower-income bracket rebounded faster to pre-pandemic levels. On the contrary, we find that groups in the higher-income bracket managed to keep higher stay-at-home behavior. Regression analyses reveal that territorial characteristics and disparities in digital connectivity significantly contribute to these differences, suggesting that infrastructure investments could help mitigate mobility-based inequalities.
title Unequal changes in commuting patterns across socio-economic strata in response to pandemic restrictions
topic Physics and Society
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11758