Emergent causal order and time direction: bridging causal models and tensor networks

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Ferradini, Carla, Mazzola, Giulia, Vilasini, V.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Ferradini, Carla
Mazzola, Giulia
Vilasini, V.
author_facet Ferradini, Carla
Mazzola, Giulia
Vilasini, V.
contents Can the direction of time and the causal structure of space-time be inferred from operational principles? Causal models and tensor networks offer complementary perspectives: the former encodes cause-effect relations via directed graphs, with intrinsic ordering; the latter describes multipartite systems on undirected graphs, without presupposing directionality. We construct two-way mappings between these two frameworks, linking direction agnostic correlation functions and operational notions of signalling. This clarifies the operational meaning of causal influence in tensor networks and introduces discrete "space-time rotations'' of causal models which preserve signalling relations. Applying our framework to holographic tensor networks, we use tools from causal inference, like graph-separation, to analyse emergent causal structures. By permitting cyclic and indefinite causal structures, our results enable transfer of techniques across tensor networks and a range of causality frameworks.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_12283
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Emergent causal order and time direction: bridging causal models and tensor networks
Ferradini, Carla
Mazzola, Giulia
Vilasini, V.
Quantum Physics
High Energy Physics - Theory
Can the direction of time and the causal structure of space-time be inferred from operational principles? Causal models and tensor networks offer complementary perspectives: the former encodes cause-effect relations via directed graphs, with intrinsic ordering; the latter describes multipartite systems on undirected graphs, without presupposing directionality. We construct two-way mappings between these two frameworks, linking direction agnostic correlation functions and operational notions of signalling. This clarifies the operational meaning of causal influence in tensor networks and introduces discrete "space-time rotations'' of causal models which preserve signalling relations. Applying our framework to holographic tensor networks, we use tools from causal inference, like graph-separation, to analyse emergent causal structures. By permitting cyclic and indefinite causal structures, our results enable transfer of techniques across tensor networks and a range of causality frameworks.
title Emergent causal order and time direction: bridging causal models and tensor networks
topic Quantum Physics
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12283