Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866908883348357120 |
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| author | Singh, Simran Funcke, Lena |
| author_facet | Singh, Simran Funcke, Lena |
| contents | A normalizing-flow-based implementation of the density-of-states approach has recently been used to successfully reconstruct the partition function of (1+1)D scalar lattice field theory. In this preliminary work, we extend this framework to a lattice gauge theory by employing gauge-equivariant normalizing flows to reconstruct the density of states of pure (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory, both with and without a $θ$-term. In the absence of a $θ$-term, we first demonstrate that the normalizing-flow-based reconstruction of the density of states reproduces the known analytic results for this theory. We further show that, in the presence of a $θ$-term, this formulation enables the generation of gauge-field configurations at fixed values of the topological charge. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_12501 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term Singh, Simran Funcke, Lena High Energy Physics - Lattice A normalizing-flow-based implementation of the density-of-states approach has recently been used to successfully reconstruct the partition function of (1+1)D scalar lattice field theory. In this preliminary work, we extend this framework to a lattice gauge theory by employing gauge-equivariant normalizing flows to reconstruct the density of states of pure (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory, both with and without a $θ$-term. In the absence of a $θ$-term, we first demonstrate that the normalizing-flow-based reconstruction of the density of states reproduces the known analytic results for this theory. We further show that, in the presence of a $θ$-term, this formulation enables the generation of gauge-field configurations at fixed values of the topological charge. |
| title | Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Lattice |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12501 |