Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Singh, Simran, Funcke, Lena
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Singh, Simran
Funcke, Lena
author_facet Singh, Simran
Funcke, Lena
contents A normalizing-flow-based implementation of the density-of-states approach has recently been used to successfully reconstruct the partition function of (1+1)D scalar lattice field theory. In this preliminary work, we extend this framework to a lattice gauge theory by employing gauge-equivariant normalizing flows to reconstruct the density of states of pure (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory, both with and without a $θ$-term. In the absence of a $θ$-term, we first demonstrate that the normalizing-flow-based reconstruction of the density of states reproduces the known analytic results for this theory. We further show that, in the presence of a $θ$-term, this formulation enables the generation of gauge-field configurations at fixed values of the topological charge.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_12501
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term
Singh, Simran
Funcke, Lena
High Energy Physics - Lattice
A normalizing-flow-based implementation of the density-of-states approach has recently been used to successfully reconstruct the partition function of (1+1)D scalar lattice field theory. In this preliminary work, we extend this framework to a lattice gauge theory by employing gauge-equivariant normalizing flows to reconstruct the density of states of pure (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory, both with and without a $θ$-term. In the absence of a $θ$-term, we first demonstrate that the normalizing-flow-based reconstruction of the density of states reproduces the known analytic results for this theory. We further show that, in the presence of a $θ$-term, this formulation enables the generation of gauge-field configurations at fixed values of the topological charge.
title Normalizing-flow-based density of states for (1+1)D U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $θ$-term
topic High Energy Physics - Lattice
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12501