exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Benisty, Myriam Izquierdo, Andres F. Stadler, Jochen Galloway-Sprietsma, Maria Facchini, Stefano Winter, Andrew J. Bae, Jaehan Fukagawa, Misato Teague, Richard Pinte, Christophe Andrews, Sean M. Barraza-Alfaro, Marcelo Cataldi, Gianni Curone, Pietro Czekala, Ian Fasano, Daniele Flock, Mario Garg, Himanshi Huang, Jane Ilee, John D. Kanagawa, Kazuhiro Lawrence, Jensen Lesur, Geoffroy Lodato, Giuseppe Longarini, Cristiano Loomis, Ryan A. Menard, Francois Orihara, Ryuta Price, Daniel J. Rosotti, Giovanni Wafflard-Fernandez, Gaylor Wilner, David J. Wolfer, Lisa Yen, Hsi-Wei Yoshida, Tomohiro C. Zawadzki, Brianna |
| author_facet | Benisty, Myriam Izquierdo, Andres F. Stadler, Jochen Galloway-Sprietsma, Maria Facchini, Stefano Winter, Andrew J. Bae, Jaehan Fukagawa, Misato Teague, Richard Pinte, Christophe Andrews, Sean M. Barraza-Alfaro, Marcelo Cataldi, Gianni Curone, Pietro Czekala, Ian Fasano, Daniele Flock, Mario Garg, Himanshi Huang, Jane Ilee, John D. Kanagawa, Kazuhiro Lawrence, Jensen Lesur, Geoffroy Lodato, Giuseppe Longarini, Cristiano Loomis, Ryan A. Menard, Francois Orihara, Ryuta Price, Daniel J. Rosotti, Giovanni Wafflard-Fernandez, Gaylor Wilner, David J. Wolfer, Lisa Yen, Hsi-Wei Yoshida, Tomohiro C. Zawadzki, Brianna |
| contents | Vertical gas flows, such as winds and meridional circulations, are natural outcomes of protoplanetary disk processes and play a critical role in the earliest stages of planet formation. We analyze vertical gas motions in 14 disks as part of the exoALMA Large Program, focusing on the 12CO J=3-2 and 13CO J=3-2 emission lines. Using discminer to model the Keplerian velocity field, we extract line-of-sight velocity residuals and measure the radial and vertical components of the gas motion. Vertical motions are detected in most disks. Two types of patterns emerge: (1) oscillatory up/down flows, likely linked to instabilities, and (2) transitions from downward to upward motions that we interpret as the base of a disk wind. In most cases, the velocity amplitudes are of a few tens of m/s. Two disks, however, MWC758 and CQ Tau, show two spiral velocity features in their residual maps, red- and blue-shifted, which we interpret as vertical velocities reaching up to 350 m/s (0.7 Cs), consistent with gas motion in eccentric disks. Fast upward motions (up to 500 m/s; 1.8 Cs) is also detected in the outer disk of MWC758. Synthetic observations from (magneto)hydrodynamic simulations validate the reliability of our method. Although strong molecular winds appear to be relatively rare in 12CO and 13CO, our study shows that, when traced by deep high spectral resolution line data, protoplanetary disks exhibit ubiquitous vertical flows. However, their overall velocity structure is highly complex, preventing to identify a coherent, dominant physical mechanism driving the vertical motions across all disks, thus requiring further theoretical investigation. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_12861 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows Benisty, Myriam Izquierdo, Andres F. Stadler, Jochen Galloway-Sprietsma, Maria Facchini, Stefano Winter, Andrew J. Bae, Jaehan Fukagawa, Misato Teague, Richard Pinte, Christophe Andrews, Sean M. Barraza-Alfaro, Marcelo Cataldi, Gianni Curone, Pietro Czekala, Ian Fasano, Daniele Flock, Mario Garg, Himanshi Huang, Jane Ilee, John D. Kanagawa, Kazuhiro Lawrence, Jensen Lesur, Geoffroy Lodato, Giuseppe Longarini, Cristiano Loomis, Ryan A. Menard, Francois Orihara, Ryuta Price, Daniel J. Rosotti, Giovanni Wafflard-Fernandez, Gaylor Wilner, David J. Wolfer, Lisa Yen, Hsi-Wei Yoshida, Tomohiro C. Zawadzki, Brianna Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Vertical gas flows, such as winds and meridional circulations, are natural outcomes of protoplanetary disk processes and play a critical role in the earliest stages of planet formation. We analyze vertical gas motions in 14 disks as part of the exoALMA Large Program, focusing on the 12CO J=3-2 and 13CO J=3-2 emission lines. Using discminer to model the Keplerian velocity field, we extract line-of-sight velocity residuals and measure the radial and vertical components of the gas motion. Vertical motions are detected in most disks. Two types of patterns emerge: (1) oscillatory up/down flows, likely linked to instabilities, and (2) transitions from downward to upward motions that we interpret as the base of a disk wind. In most cases, the velocity amplitudes are of a few tens of m/s. Two disks, however, MWC758 and CQ Tau, show two spiral velocity features in their residual maps, red- and blue-shifted, which we interpret as vertical velocities reaching up to 350 m/s (0.7 Cs), consistent with gas motion in eccentric disks. Fast upward motions (up to 500 m/s; 1.8 Cs) is also detected in the outer disk of MWC758. Synthetic observations from (magneto)hydrodynamic simulations validate the reliability of our method. Although strong molecular winds appear to be relatively rare in 12CO and 13CO, our study shows that, when traced by deep high spectral resolution line data, protoplanetary disks exhibit ubiquitous vertical flows. However, their overall velocity structure is highly complex, preventing to identify a coherent, dominant physical mechanism driving the vertical motions across all disks, thus requiring further theoretical investigation. |
| title | exoALMA XXI: The Morphology and Dynamics of Vertical Flows |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12861 |