FedTreeLoRA: Reconciling Statistical and Functional Heterogeneity in Federated LoRA Fine-Tuning

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Bian, Jieming, Wang, Lei, Zhang, Letian, Xu, Jie
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Bian, Jieming
Wang, Lei
Zhang, Letian
Xu, Jie
author_facet Bian, Jieming
Wang, Lei
Zhang, Letian
Xu, Jie
contents Federated Learning (FL) with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a standard for privacy-preserving LLM fine-tuning. However, existing personalized methods predominantly operated under a restrictive Flat-Model Assumption: they addressed client-side \textit{statistical heterogeneity} but treated the model as a monolithic block, ignoring the \textit{functional heterogeneity} across LLM layers. We argue that these two statistical (horizontal) and functional (vertical) dimensions, are \textit{orthogonal in source yet coupled in interaction}, implying that the optimal depth of parameter sharing is functionally dependent on client similarity. To address this, we propose \textbf{FedTreeLoRA}, a framework employing tree-structured aggregation for fine-grained, layer-wise alignment. By dynamically constructing an aggregation hierarchy, FedTreeLoRA allows clients to share broad consensus on shallow `trunks' while progressively specializing on deep `branches'. Experiments on NLU and NLG benchmarks demonstrate that FedTreeLoRA significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods by effectively reconciling generalization and personalization.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_13282
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle FedTreeLoRA: Reconciling Statistical and Functional Heterogeneity in Federated LoRA Fine-Tuning
Bian, Jieming
Wang, Lei
Zhang, Letian
Xu, Jie
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Federated Learning (FL) with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a standard for privacy-preserving LLM fine-tuning. However, existing personalized methods predominantly operated under a restrictive Flat-Model Assumption: they addressed client-side \textit{statistical heterogeneity} but treated the model as a monolithic block, ignoring the \textit{functional heterogeneity} across LLM layers. We argue that these two statistical (horizontal) and functional (vertical) dimensions, are \textit{orthogonal in source yet coupled in interaction}, implying that the optimal depth of parameter sharing is functionally dependent on client similarity. To address this, we propose \textbf{FedTreeLoRA}, a framework employing tree-structured aggregation for fine-grained, layer-wise alignment. By dynamically constructing an aggregation hierarchy, FedTreeLoRA allows clients to share broad consensus on shallow `trunks' while progressively specializing on deep `branches'. Experiments on NLU and NLG benchmarks demonstrate that FedTreeLoRA significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods by effectively reconciling generalization and personalization.
title FedTreeLoRA: Reconciling Statistical and Functional Heterogeneity in Federated LoRA Fine-Tuning
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13282