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Hauptverfasser: Chen, Huamin, Liu, Xunzhuo, Jiang, Junchen, He, Bowei, Liu, Xue
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13426
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author Chen, Huamin
Liu, Xunzhuo
Jiang, Junchen
He, Bowei
Liu, Xue
author_facet Chen, Huamin
Liu, Xunzhuo
Jiang, Junchen
He, Bowei
Liu, Xue
contents Semantic routers in LLM inference gateways select tools in the critical request path, where every millisecond of added latency compounds across millions of requests. We propose Outcome-Aware Tool Selection (OATS), which interpolates tool embeddings toward the centroid of queries where they historically succeed -- an offline process that adds no parameters, latency, or GPU cost at serving time. On MetaTool (199~tools, 4,287~queries), this improves NDCG@5 from 0.869 to 0.940; on ToolBench (2,413~APIs), from 0.834 to 0.848. We also evaluate two learned extensions: a 2,625-parameter MLP re-ranker and a 197K-parameter contrastive adapter. The MLP re-ranker hurts or matches baseline when outcome data is sparse relative to the tool set; the contrastive adapter provides comparable gains on MetaTool (NDCG@5: 0.931). All methods are evaluated on the same held-out 30\% test split. The practical takeaway is to start with the zero-cost refinement and add learned components only when data density warrants it. All mechanisms run within single-digit millisecond CPU budgets.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_13426
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Outcome-Aware Tool Selection for Semantic Routers: Latency-Constrained Learning Without LLM Inference
Chen, Huamin
Liu, Xunzhuo
Jiang, Junchen
He, Bowei
Liu, Xue
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Semantic routers in LLM inference gateways select tools in the critical request path, where every millisecond of added latency compounds across millions of requests. We propose Outcome-Aware Tool Selection (OATS), which interpolates tool embeddings toward the centroid of queries where they historically succeed -- an offline process that adds no parameters, latency, or GPU cost at serving time. On MetaTool (199~tools, 4,287~queries), this improves NDCG@5 from 0.869 to 0.940; on ToolBench (2,413~APIs), from 0.834 to 0.848. We also evaluate two learned extensions: a 2,625-parameter MLP re-ranker and a 197K-parameter contrastive adapter. The MLP re-ranker hurts or matches baseline when outcome data is sparse relative to the tool set; the contrastive adapter provides comparable gains on MetaTool (NDCG@5: 0.931). All methods are evaluated on the same held-out 30\% test split. The practical takeaway is to start with the zero-cost refinement and add learned components only when data density warrants it. All mechanisms run within single-digit millisecond CPU budgets.
title Outcome-Aware Tool Selection for Semantic Routers: Latency-Constrained Learning Without LLM Inference
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13426