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Main Authors: Agnew, Edwin, Yeh, Lia, Yeung, Richie
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13454
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author Agnew, Edwin
Yeh, Lia
Yeung, Richie
author_facet Agnew, Edwin
Yeh, Lia
Yeung, Richie
contents Quantum control is an important logical primitive of quantum computing programs, and an important concept for equational reasoning in quantum graphical calculi. We show that controlled diagrams in the ZXW-calculus admit rich algebraic structure. The perspective of the higher-order map Ctrl recovers the standard notion of quantum controlled gates, while respecting sequential and parallel composition and multiple-control. In this work, we prove that controlled square matrices form a ring and therefore satisfy powerful rewrite rules. We also show that controlled states form a ring isomorphic to multilinear polynomials. Putting these together, we have completeness for polynomials over same-size square matrices. These properties supply new rewrite rules that make factorisation of arbitrary qubit Hamiltonians achievable inside a single graphical calculus.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_13454
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Algebraic Structure of Quantum Controlled States and Operators
Agnew, Edwin
Yeh, Lia
Yeung, Richie
Quantum Physics
Logic in Computer Science
Quantum control is an important logical primitive of quantum computing programs, and an important concept for equational reasoning in quantum graphical calculi. We show that controlled diagrams in the ZXW-calculus admit rich algebraic structure. The perspective of the higher-order map Ctrl recovers the standard notion of quantum controlled gates, while respecting sequential and parallel composition and multiple-control. In this work, we prove that controlled square matrices form a ring and therefore satisfy powerful rewrite rules. We also show that controlled states form a ring isomorphic to multilinear polynomials. Putting these together, we have completeness for polynomials over same-size square matrices. These properties supply new rewrite rules that make factorisation of arbitrary qubit Hamiltonians achievable inside a single graphical calculus.
title Algebraic Structure of Quantum Controlled States and Operators
topic Quantum Physics
Logic in Computer Science
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13454