Surg$Σ$: A Spectrum of Large-Scale Multimodal Data and Foundation Models for Surgical Intelligence

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Main Authors: Zeng, Zhitao, Xu, Mengya, Jiang, Jian, Guo, Pengfei, Xu, Yunqiu, Zhuo, Zhu, Low, Chang Han, He, Yufan, Yang, Dong, Lin, Chenxi, Gu, Yiming, Guo, Jiaxin, Ban, Yutong, Xu, Daguang, Dou, Qi, Jin, Yueming
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Zeng, Zhitao
Xu, Mengya
Jiang, Jian
Guo, Pengfei
Xu, Yunqiu
Zhuo, Zhu
Low, Chang Han
He, Yufan
Yang, Dong
Lin, Chenxi
Gu, Yiming
Guo, Jiaxin
Ban, Yutong
Xu, Daguang
Dou, Qi
Jin, Yueming
author_facet Zeng, Zhitao
Xu, Mengya
Jiang, Jian
Guo, Pengfei
Xu, Yunqiu
Zhuo, Zhu
Low, Chang Han
He, Yufan
Yang, Dong
Lin, Chenxi
Gu, Yiming
Guo, Jiaxin
Ban, Yutong
Xu, Daguang
Dou, Qi
Jin, Yueming
contents Surgical intelligence has the potential to improve the safety and consistency of surgical care, yet most existing surgical AI frameworks remain task-specific and struggle to generalize across procedures and institutions. Although multimodal foundation models, particularly multimodal large language models, have demonstrated strong cross-task capabilities across various medical domains, their advancement in surgery remains constrained by the lack of large-scale, systematically curated multimodal data. To address this challenge, we introduce Surg$Σ$, a spectrum of large-scale multimodal data and foundation models for surgical intelligence. At the core of this framework lies Surg$Σ$-DB, a large-scale multimodal data foundation designed to support diverse surgical tasks. Surg$Σ$-DB consolidates heterogeneous surgical data sources (including open-source datasets, curated in-house clinical collections and web-source data) into a unified schema, aiming to improve label consistency and data standardization across heterogeneous datasets. Surg$Σ$-DB spans 6 clinical specialties and diverse surgical types, providing rich image- and video-level annotations across 18 practical surgical tasks covering understanding, reasoning, planning, and generation, at an unprecedented scale (over 5.98M conversations). Beyond conventional multimodal conversations, Surg$Σ$-DB incorporates hierarchical reasoning annotations, providing richer semantic cues to support deeper contextual understanding in complex surgical scenarios. We further provide empirical evidence through recently developed surgical foundation models built upon Surg$Σ$-DB, illustrating the practical benefits of large-scale multimodal annotations, unified semantic design, and structured reasoning annotations for improving cross-task generalization and interpretability.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_16822
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Surg$Σ$: A Spectrum of Large-Scale Multimodal Data and Foundation Models for Surgical Intelligence
Zeng, Zhitao
Xu, Mengya
Jiang, Jian
Guo, Pengfei
Xu, Yunqiu
Zhuo, Zhu
Low, Chang Han
He, Yufan
Yang, Dong
Lin, Chenxi
Gu, Yiming
Guo, Jiaxin
Ban, Yutong
Xu, Daguang
Dou, Qi
Jin, Yueming
Artificial Intelligence
68T45
I.2.10
Surgical intelligence has the potential to improve the safety and consistency of surgical care, yet most existing surgical AI frameworks remain task-specific and struggle to generalize across procedures and institutions. Although multimodal foundation models, particularly multimodal large language models, have demonstrated strong cross-task capabilities across various medical domains, their advancement in surgery remains constrained by the lack of large-scale, systematically curated multimodal data. To address this challenge, we introduce Surg$Σ$, a spectrum of large-scale multimodal data and foundation models for surgical intelligence. At the core of this framework lies Surg$Σ$-DB, a large-scale multimodal data foundation designed to support diverse surgical tasks. Surg$Σ$-DB consolidates heterogeneous surgical data sources (including open-source datasets, curated in-house clinical collections and web-source data) into a unified schema, aiming to improve label consistency and data standardization across heterogeneous datasets. Surg$Σ$-DB spans 6 clinical specialties and diverse surgical types, providing rich image- and video-level annotations across 18 practical surgical tasks covering understanding, reasoning, planning, and generation, at an unprecedented scale (over 5.98M conversations). Beyond conventional multimodal conversations, Surg$Σ$-DB incorporates hierarchical reasoning annotations, providing richer semantic cues to support deeper contextual understanding in complex surgical scenarios. We further provide empirical evidence through recently developed surgical foundation models built upon Surg$Σ$-DB, illustrating the practical benefits of large-scale multimodal annotations, unified semantic design, and structured reasoning annotations for improving cross-task generalization and interpretability.
title Surg$Σ$: A Spectrum of Large-Scale Multimodal Data and Foundation Models for Surgical Intelligence
topic Artificial Intelligence
68T45
I.2.10
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16822