Sympatric speciation by symmetry-breaking: The three-clade case

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Chlomoudis, Giagkos-Ion, Fuhrmann-Lieker, Thomas, Mebratie, Meskerem A., Nair, Gokul B., Seiler, Werner M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Chlomoudis, Giagkos-Ion
Fuhrmann-Lieker, Thomas
Mebratie, Meskerem A.
Nair, Gokul B.
Seiler, Werner M.
author_facet Chlomoudis, Giagkos-Ion
Fuhrmann-Lieker, Thomas
Mebratie, Meskerem A.
Nair, Gokul B.
Seiler, Werner M.
contents In this paper we expand the concept of biological speciation by symmetry breaking of Golubitsky and Stewart to the case of three clades in which N populations following the same dynamical laws can separate. The underlying differential equation is based on a fifth order polynomial of a trait variable with first or second order coupling. We present some general strategies to find all possible steady states and their stabilities. Numerical data are given for a specific system. We show the locations of three-clade distributions in dependence on the coupling and an environmental parameter. The results show a decrease of the number of stable states with higher coupling and a higher probability of ending in a three-clade state for larger N. Limits and potentials of the approach if zero roots for the trait variable occur are discussed.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_17026
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Sympatric speciation by symmetry-breaking: The three-clade case
Chlomoudis, Giagkos-Ion
Fuhrmann-Lieker, Thomas
Mebratie, Meskerem A.
Nair, Gokul B.
Seiler, Werner M.
Populations and Evolution
34C60, 34C14, 37C81, 37G10, 92D25
In this paper we expand the concept of biological speciation by symmetry breaking of Golubitsky and Stewart to the case of three clades in which N populations following the same dynamical laws can separate. The underlying differential equation is based on a fifth order polynomial of a trait variable with first or second order coupling. We present some general strategies to find all possible steady states and their stabilities. Numerical data are given for a specific system. We show the locations of three-clade distributions in dependence on the coupling and an environmental parameter. The results show a decrease of the number of stable states with higher coupling and a higher probability of ending in a three-clade state for larger N. Limits and potentials of the approach if zero roots for the trait variable occur are discussed.
title Sympatric speciation by symmetry-breaking: The three-clade case
topic Populations and Evolution
34C60, 34C14, 37C81, 37G10, 92D25
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.17026