_version_ 1866908900389814272
author Mihaylov, Deyan P.
Eberhardt, Jan
Trifonov, Trifon
Brahm, Rafael
Henning, Thomas
Jordán, Andrés
Stoeva, Denitza
Jones, Matías I.
Acuña-Aguirre, Lorena
Stefanov, Stefan
Pinto, M. Tala
Hobson, Melissa J.
Espinoza, Nestor
Rojas, Felipe I.
Schlecker, Martin
Bozhilov, Vladimir
Guillot, Tristan
Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
Lissauer, Jack J.
Korth, Judith
Parviainen, Hannu
Kreidberg, Laura
Bendjoya, Philippe
Suarez, Olga
Ziegler, Carl
Rowden, Pamela
Rudat, Alexander
Kostov, Veselin
Winn, Joshua N.
Jenkins, Jon M.
Collins, Karen A.
Watkins, Cristilyn N.
Radford, Don J.
Stockdale, Chris
Gan, Tianjun
author_facet Mihaylov, Deyan P.
Eberhardt, Jan
Trifonov, Trifon
Brahm, Rafael
Henning, Thomas
Jordán, Andrés
Stoeva, Denitza
Jones, Matías I.
Acuña-Aguirre, Lorena
Stefanov, Stefan
Pinto, M. Tala
Hobson, Melissa J.
Espinoza, Nestor
Rojas, Felipe I.
Schlecker, Martin
Bozhilov, Vladimir
Guillot, Tristan
Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
Lissauer, Jack J.
Korth, Judith
Parviainen, Hannu
Kreidberg, Laura
Bendjoya, Philippe
Suarez, Olga
Ziegler, Carl
Rowden, Pamela
Rudat, Alexander
Kostov, Veselin
Winn, Joshua N.
Jenkins, Jon M.
Collins, Karen A.
Watkins, Cristilyn N.
Radford, Don J.
Stockdale, Chris
Gan, Tianjun
contents TOI-1232 is a G-dwarf star with a mass of $1.06_{-0.06}^{+0.07} M_\odot$, a radius of $1.07\pm 0.05 R_\odot$, and slightly higher metallicity than solar of Fe/H = $0.18 \pm 0.05$. The star hosts a transiting warm Jovian-mass planet, TOI-1232 b, with an orbital period of $P_{b} = 14.256_{-0.001}^{+0.001}$ days, identified with data from multiple sectors of the $\textit{TESS}$ space telescope. The $\textit{TESS}$ light curve of TOI-1232 is complex, as it is contaminated by a background eclipsing binary with a period of $1.37$ days. The TOI-1232 b was firmly confirmed by ground-based transit follow-up campaigns from Las Cumbres, Hazelwood, Brierfield, and ASTEP observatories.Additionally, the $\textit{TESS}$ transits of TOI-1232 b exhibit strong transit timing variations (TTVs) with a super-period of $235.5 \pm 0.7$ days and a semi-amplitude of 27 minutes. Radial velocity (RV) follow-up with the FEROS spectrograph confirms the planetary nature of the transiting candidate, while a self-consistent $N$-body analysis of RVs and TTVs pinpoints the presence of a second outer Saturn-mass companion, TOI-1232 c with a period of $P_{c} = 30.356_{-0.012}^{+0.010}$ days. The TOI-1232 warm-giant system is particularly important due to the evidence of two massive planets that reside near the 2:1 commensurability but are not locked in a mean motion resonance (MMR). Thanks to $\textit{TESS}$, we have revealed a handful of these rare systems. Hence, TOI-1232 is an important addition to understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of such compact, massive, warm giant planets.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_18395
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
Mihaylov, Deyan P.
Eberhardt, Jan
Trifonov, Trifon
Brahm, Rafael
Henning, Thomas
Jordán, Andrés
Stoeva, Denitza
Jones, Matías I.
Acuña-Aguirre, Lorena
Stefanov, Stefan
Pinto, M. Tala
Hobson, Melissa J.
Espinoza, Nestor
Rojas, Felipe I.
Schlecker, Martin
Bozhilov, Vladimir
Guillot, Tristan
Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
Lissauer, Jack J.
Korth, Judith
Parviainen, Hannu
Kreidberg, Laura
Bendjoya, Philippe
Suarez, Olga
Ziegler, Carl
Rowden, Pamela
Rudat, Alexander
Kostov, Veselin
Winn, Joshua N.
Jenkins, Jon M.
Collins, Karen A.
Watkins, Cristilyn N.
Radford, Don J.
Stockdale, Chris
Gan, Tianjun
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
TOI-1232 is a G-dwarf star with a mass of $1.06_{-0.06}^{+0.07} M_\odot$, a radius of $1.07\pm 0.05 R_\odot$, and slightly higher metallicity than solar of Fe/H = $0.18 \pm 0.05$. The star hosts a transiting warm Jovian-mass planet, TOI-1232 b, with an orbital period of $P_{b} = 14.256_{-0.001}^{+0.001}$ days, identified with data from multiple sectors of the $\textit{TESS}$ space telescope. The $\textit{TESS}$ light curve of TOI-1232 is complex, as it is contaminated by a background eclipsing binary with a period of $1.37$ days. The TOI-1232 b was firmly confirmed by ground-based transit follow-up campaigns from Las Cumbres, Hazelwood, Brierfield, and ASTEP observatories.Additionally, the $\textit{TESS}$ transits of TOI-1232 b exhibit strong transit timing variations (TTVs) with a super-period of $235.5 \pm 0.7$ days and a semi-amplitude of 27 minutes. Radial velocity (RV) follow-up with the FEROS spectrograph confirms the planetary nature of the transiting candidate, while a self-consistent $N$-body analysis of RVs and TTVs pinpoints the presence of a second outer Saturn-mass companion, TOI-1232 c with a period of $P_{c} = 30.356_{-0.012}^{+0.010}$ days. The TOI-1232 warm-giant system is particularly important due to the evidence of two massive planets that reside near the 2:1 commensurability but are not locked in a mean motion resonance (MMR). Thanks to $\textit{TESS}$, we have revealed a handful of these rare systems. Hence, TOI-1232 is an important addition to understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of such compact, massive, warm giant planets.
title A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18395