CAPSUL: A Comprehensive Human Protein Benchmark for Subcellular Localization

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Hu, Yicheng, Lin, Xinyu, Li, Shulin, Wang, Wenjie, Zhu, Fengbin, Feng, Fuli
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Hu, Yicheng
Lin, Xinyu
Li, Shulin
Wang, Wenjie
Zhu, Fengbin
Feng, Fuli
author_facet Hu, Yicheng
Lin, Xinyu
Li, Shulin
Wang, Wenjie
Zhu, Fengbin
Feng, Fuli
contents Subcellular localization is a crucial biological task for drug target identification and function annotation. Although it has been biologically realized that subcellular localization is closely associated with protein structure, no existing dataset offers comprehensive 3D structural information with detailed subcellular localization annotations, thus severely hindering the application of promising structure-based models on this task. To address this gap, we introduce a new benchmark called $\mathbf{CAPSUL}$, a $\mathbf{C}$omprehensive hum$\mathbf{A}$n $\mathbf{P}$rotein benchmark for $\mathbf{SU}$bcellular $\mathbf{L}$ocalization. It features a dataset that integrates diverse 3D structural representations with fine-grained subcellular localization annotations carefully curated by domain experts. We evaluate this benchmark using a variety of state-of-the-art sequence-based and structure-based models, showcasing the importance of involving structural features in this task. Furthermore, we explore reweighting and single-label classification strategies to facilitate future investigation on structure-based methods for this task. Lastly, we showcase the powerful interpretability of structure-based methods through a case study on the Golgi apparatus, where we discover a decisive localization pattern $α$-helix from attention mechanisms, demonstrating the potential for bridging the gap with intuitive biological interpretability and paving the way for data-driven discoveries in cell biology.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_18571
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle CAPSUL: A Comprehensive Human Protein Benchmark for Subcellular Localization
Hu, Yicheng
Lin, Xinyu
Li, Shulin
Wang, Wenjie
Zhu, Fengbin
Feng, Fuli
Artificial Intelligence
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Quantitative Methods
Subcellular localization is a crucial biological task for drug target identification and function annotation. Although it has been biologically realized that subcellular localization is closely associated with protein structure, no existing dataset offers comprehensive 3D structural information with detailed subcellular localization annotations, thus severely hindering the application of promising structure-based models on this task. To address this gap, we introduce a new benchmark called $\mathbf{CAPSUL}$, a $\mathbf{C}$omprehensive hum$\mathbf{A}$n $\mathbf{P}$rotein benchmark for $\mathbf{SU}$bcellular $\mathbf{L}$ocalization. It features a dataset that integrates diverse 3D structural representations with fine-grained subcellular localization annotations carefully curated by domain experts. We evaluate this benchmark using a variety of state-of-the-art sequence-based and structure-based models, showcasing the importance of involving structural features in this task. Furthermore, we explore reweighting and single-label classification strategies to facilitate future investigation on structure-based methods for this task. Lastly, we showcase the powerful interpretability of structure-based methods through a case study on the Golgi apparatus, where we discover a decisive localization pattern $α$-helix from attention mechanisms, demonstrating the potential for bridging the gap with intuitive biological interpretability and paving the way for data-driven discoveries in cell biology.
title CAPSUL: A Comprehensive Human Protein Benchmark for Subcellular Localization
topic Artificial Intelligence
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Quantitative Methods
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18571