A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866910061896400896 |
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| author | Solano-Castellanos, Jose A. Alhelou, Hassan Haes Awami, Ali T. Al- Alkhraijah, Mohannad Annaswamy, Anuradha M. |
| author_facet | Solano-Castellanos, Jose A. Alhelou, Hassan Haes Awami, Ali T. Al- Alkhraijah, Mohannad Annaswamy, Anuradha M. |
| contents | This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop and Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) primary control with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) secondary layer operating at realistic control-room update rates. Unlike recent proposed approaches, the proposed framework integrates MPC within existing grid control structures, enabling constraint-aware coordination. A reduced-order frequency response model is systematically derived from a high-fidelity grid model using Hankel singular values, and a reduced-order Kalman-Bucy observer enables state and disturbance estimation using only measurable outputs. Validation using representative data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrates effective frequency regulation under realistic operating conditions. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_20500 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources Solano-Castellanos, Jose A. Alhelou, Hassan Haes Awami, Ali T. Al- Alkhraijah, Mohannad Annaswamy, Anuradha M. Systems and Control This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop and Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) primary control with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) secondary layer operating at realistic control-room update rates. Unlike recent proposed approaches, the proposed framework integrates MPC within existing grid control structures, enabling constraint-aware coordination. A reduced-order frequency response model is systematically derived from a high-fidelity grid model using Hankel singular values, and a reduced-order Kalman-Bucy observer enables state and disturbance estimation using only measurable outputs. Validation using representative data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrates effective frequency regulation under realistic operating conditions. |
| title | A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources |
| topic | Systems and Control |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20500 |