A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Solano-Castellanos, Jose A., Alhelou, Hassan Haes, Awami, Ali T. Al-, Alkhraijah, Mohannad, Annaswamy, Anuradha M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Solano-Castellanos, Jose A.
Alhelou, Hassan Haes
Awami, Ali T. Al-
Alkhraijah, Mohannad
Annaswamy, Anuradha M.
author_facet Solano-Castellanos, Jose A.
Alhelou, Hassan Haes
Awami, Ali T. Al-
Alkhraijah, Mohannad
Annaswamy, Anuradha M.
contents This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop and Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) primary control with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) secondary layer operating at realistic control-room update rates. Unlike recent proposed approaches, the proposed framework integrates MPC within existing grid control structures, enabling constraint-aware coordination. A reduced-order frequency response model is systematically derived from a high-fidelity grid model using Hankel singular values, and a reduced-order Kalman-Bucy observer enables state and disturbance estimation using only measurable outputs. Validation using representative data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrates effective frequency regulation under realistic operating conditions.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_20500
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources
Solano-Castellanos, Jose A.
Alhelou, Hassan Haes
Awami, Ali T. Al-
Alkhraijah, Mohannad
Annaswamy, Anuradha M.
Systems and Control
This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop and Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) primary control with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) secondary layer operating at realistic control-room update rates. Unlike recent proposed approaches, the proposed framework integrates MPC within existing grid control structures, enabling constraint-aware coordination. A reduced-order frequency response model is systematically derived from a high-fidelity grid model using Hankel singular values, and a reduced-order Kalman-Bucy observer enables state and disturbance estimation using only measurable outputs. Validation using representative data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrates effective frequency regulation under realistic operating conditions.
title A Control Architecture for Fast Frequency Regulation with Increasing Penetration of Inverter Based Resources
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20500