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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.21955 |
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| _version_ | 1866908906998988800 |
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| author | Qin, Lu Zhai, Hairu Shi, Zeyun Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Zunlue Liu, Wuming Zhao, Xingdong |
| author_facet | Qin, Lu Zhai, Hairu Shi, Zeyun Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Zunlue Liu, Wuming Zhao, Xingdong |
| contents | We investigate the mechanisms of formation of stable (2+1)-dimensional optical soliton molecules (SMs) and breather molecules (BMs) in a Rydberg atomic gas, highlighting the distinct roles of nonlocality. The underlying giant, nonlocal nonlinearity induced via Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), supports diverse, large-size lattice SMs (rhombic, square, checkerboard, hexagonal lattice SMs). Crucially, we identify two distinct formation regimes: In the nonlocal regime, long-range interactions alone stabilize the SMs without requiring initial motion. In contrast, within the strongly nonlocal regime, an initial velocity is essential to generate a centrifugal force that counteracts the strong attraction, resulting in rotating SMs. Furthermore, specific initial velocities can induce a periodic breathing instability, leading to the formation of BMs. Our study offers a new scheme for engineering SMs with diverse configurations and opens new avenues for data processing and transmission in optical systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_21955 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Formation and propagation of stable high-dimensional soliton molecules and breather molecules in a cold Rydberg atomic gas Qin, Lu Zhai, Hairu Shi, Zeyun Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Zunlue Liu, Wuming Zhao, Xingdong Optics We investigate the mechanisms of formation of stable (2+1)-dimensional optical soliton molecules (SMs) and breather molecules (BMs) in a Rydberg atomic gas, highlighting the distinct roles of nonlocality. The underlying giant, nonlocal nonlinearity induced via Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), supports diverse, large-size lattice SMs (rhombic, square, checkerboard, hexagonal lattice SMs). Crucially, we identify two distinct formation regimes: In the nonlocal regime, long-range interactions alone stabilize the SMs without requiring initial motion. In contrast, within the strongly nonlocal regime, an initial velocity is essential to generate a centrifugal force that counteracts the strong attraction, resulting in rotating SMs. Furthermore, specific initial velocities can induce a periodic breathing instability, leading to the formation of BMs. Our study offers a new scheme for engineering SMs with diverse configurations and opens new avenues for data processing and transmission in optical systems. |
| title | Formation and propagation of stable high-dimensional soliton molecules and breather molecules in a cold Rydberg atomic gas |
| topic | Optics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.21955 |