CTF as a Service: A reproducible and scalable infrastructure for cybersecurity training

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Miguel, Carlos Jimeno, Izal, Mikel
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Miguel, Carlos Jimeno
Izal, Mikel
author_facet Miguel, Carlos Jimeno
Izal, Mikel
contents Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions have established themselves as a highly effective pedagogical tool in cybersecurity education, offering students hands-on experience in realistic attack and defense scenarios. However, organizing and hosting these events requires considerable infrastructure effort, which frequently limits their adoption in academic settings. This paper presents the design, iterative development, and evaluation of a CTF as a Service (CaaS) platform built on Proxmox virtualization, leveraging Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools such as Terraform and Ansible, container orchestration via Docker Swarm, and load balancing with HAProxy. The system supports both a development-centered workflow, in which challenges are automatically deployed from a Git repository through a CI/CD pipeline, and a deployment-oriented workflow for ad-hoc infrastructure provisioning. The paper describes the design decisions made, the challenges encountered during development, and the solutions implemented to achieve session persistence, external routing, and challenge replicability. The platform is designed to evolve into a CTF hosting service with commercial potential, and future lines of work are outlined regarding automatic scaling, monitoring integration, and frontend standardization.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_22511
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle CTF as a Service: A reproducible and scalable infrastructure for cybersecurity training
Miguel, Carlos Jimeno
Izal, Mikel
Cryptography and Security
K.3.2; D.4.6; J.3.0
Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions have established themselves as a highly effective pedagogical tool in cybersecurity education, offering students hands-on experience in realistic attack and defense scenarios. However, organizing and hosting these events requires considerable infrastructure effort, which frequently limits their adoption in academic settings. This paper presents the design, iterative development, and evaluation of a CTF as a Service (CaaS) platform built on Proxmox virtualization, leveraging Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools such as Terraform and Ansible, container orchestration via Docker Swarm, and load balancing with HAProxy. The system supports both a development-centered workflow, in which challenges are automatically deployed from a Git repository through a CI/CD pipeline, and a deployment-oriented workflow for ad-hoc infrastructure provisioning. The paper describes the design decisions made, the challenges encountered during development, and the solutions implemented to achieve session persistence, external routing, and challenge replicability. The platform is designed to evolve into a CTF hosting service with commercial potential, and future lines of work are outlined regarding automatic scaling, monitoring integration, and frontend standardization.
title CTF as a Service: A reproducible and scalable infrastructure for cybersecurity training
topic Cryptography and Security
K.3.2; D.4.6; J.3.0
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.22511