An Opacity-Free Test of the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation Using Strongly Lensed Gravitational Wave Signals with Space-Based Detector Networks
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911541890121728 |
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| author | Yuan, Yong Du, Minghui Zhu, Benyang Lin, Xin-yi Feng, Wen-Fan Xu, Peng Fan, Xilong |
| author_facet | Yuan, Yong Du, Minghui Zhu, Benyang Lin, Xin-yi Feng, Wen-Fan Xu, Peng Fan, Xilong |
| contents | The cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR), expressed as $d_L(z) = (1+z)^2 D_A(z)$, is a fundamental relation in modern cosmology. In this work, we apply a method to test the CDDR using simulated strongly lensed gravitational-wave (SLGW) signals from massive binary black holes (MBBH) as observed by proposed space-based detector networks. Our analysis is conducted under the point-mass lens model, considering the strong lensing scenario that produces two images. We generate 90 days of simulated SLGW data for 10 events based on the Population III stellar formation model, with source redshifts in the range $z_s \in [2,6]$ and lens redshifts in $z_L \in [0.2,1]$. The deviation of CDDR is parameterized by $η_1(z) = 1 + η_0 z$ and $η_2(z) = 1 + η_0 z/(1+z)$, and we incorporate the deviation parameter $η_0$ directly into the waveform model. Parameter estimation is performed within a Bayesian statistical framework, combining simulated data from both Taiji and LISA. For a single lensed event, the joint Taiji+LISA analysis improves the measurement precision of $η_0$ by roughly a factor of two compared with Taiji-only observations. By combining 10 simulated events, the population-level constraints on $η_0$, quantified by the half width of the $95\%$ credible interval, reach approximately $2.61\times10^{-4}$ ($1.72\times10^{-4}$) for the $η_1(z)$ parameterization and $1.22\times10^{-3}$ ($6.86\times10^{-4}$) for $η_2(z)$ in the Taiji-only (Taiji+LISA) scenario, respectively. The inferred values of $η_0$ remain consistent with $η_0 = 0$ within the estimated uncertainties, with no statistically significant evidence for deviations from the CDDR at the achieved precision. These results demonstrate the significant advantage of joint space-based observations for high-precision tests of the CDDR. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_23373 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | An Opacity-Free Test of the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation Using Strongly Lensed Gravitational Wave Signals with Space-Based Detector Networks Yuan, Yong Du, Minghui Zhu, Benyang Lin, Xin-yi Feng, Wen-Fan Xu, Peng Fan, Xilong Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena The cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR), expressed as $d_L(z) = (1+z)^2 D_A(z)$, is a fundamental relation in modern cosmology. In this work, we apply a method to test the CDDR using simulated strongly lensed gravitational-wave (SLGW) signals from massive binary black holes (MBBH) as observed by proposed space-based detector networks. Our analysis is conducted under the point-mass lens model, considering the strong lensing scenario that produces two images. We generate 90 days of simulated SLGW data for 10 events based on the Population III stellar formation model, with source redshifts in the range $z_s \in [2,6]$ and lens redshifts in $z_L \in [0.2,1]$. The deviation of CDDR is parameterized by $η_1(z) = 1 + η_0 z$ and $η_2(z) = 1 + η_0 z/(1+z)$, and we incorporate the deviation parameter $η_0$ directly into the waveform model. Parameter estimation is performed within a Bayesian statistical framework, combining simulated data from both Taiji and LISA. For a single lensed event, the joint Taiji+LISA analysis improves the measurement precision of $η_0$ by roughly a factor of two compared with Taiji-only observations. By combining 10 simulated events, the population-level constraints on $η_0$, quantified by the half width of the $95\%$ credible interval, reach approximately $2.61\times10^{-4}$ ($1.72\times10^{-4}$) for the $η_1(z)$ parameterization and $1.22\times10^{-3}$ ($6.86\times10^{-4}$) for $η_2(z)$ in the Taiji-only (Taiji+LISA) scenario, respectively. The inferred values of $η_0$ remain consistent with $η_0 = 0$ within the estimated uncertainties, with no statistically significant evidence for deviations from the CDDR at the achieved precision. These results demonstrate the significant advantage of joint space-based observations for high-precision tests of the CDDR. |
| title | An Opacity-Free Test of the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation Using Strongly Lensed Gravitational Wave Signals with Space-Based Detector Networks |
| topic | Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23373 |