n-VM: A Multi-VM Layer-1 Architecture with Shared Identity and Token State
Fuente:
arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866910070328000512 |
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| author | Wang, Jian Sheng |
| author_facet | Wang, Jian Sheng |
| contents | Multi-chain ecosystems suffer from fragmented identity, siloed liquidity, and bridge-dependent token transfers. We present n-VM, a Layer-1 architecture that hosts n heterogeneous virtual machines as co-equal execution environments over shared consensus and shared state. The design combines three components: a dispatcher that routes transactions by opcode prefix, a unified identity layer in which one 32-byte commitment anchors VM-specifific addresses, and a unified token ledger that exposes VM-native interfaces such as ERC-20 and SPL over a common balance store. We formalize routing, identity derivation, and token transfer semantics, and prove cross-VM transfer atomicity and identity isolation under standard cryptographic assumptions. We describe a concrete instantiation with five VMs: a native runtime, EVM, SVM, Bitcoin Script, and TVM. We also present context-based sharding and a write-set scheduler for parallel execution. Under an analytical throughput model, the architecture admits a projected range of about 16,000 to 66,000 transactions per second on commodity hardware. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_23670 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | n-VM: A Multi-VM Layer-1 Architecture with Shared Identity and Token State Wang, Jian Sheng Cryptography and Security Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing Multi-chain ecosystems suffer from fragmented identity, siloed liquidity, and bridge-dependent token transfers. We present n-VM, a Layer-1 architecture that hosts n heterogeneous virtual machines as co-equal execution environments over shared consensus and shared state. The design combines three components: a dispatcher that routes transactions by opcode prefix, a unified identity layer in which one 32-byte commitment anchors VM-specifific addresses, and a unified token ledger that exposes VM-native interfaces such as ERC-20 and SPL over a common balance store. We formalize routing, identity derivation, and token transfer semantics, and prove cross-VM transfer atomicity and identity isolation under standard cryptographic assumptions. We describe a concrete instantiation with five VMs: a native runtime, EVM, SVM, Bitcoin Script, and TVM. We also present context-based sharding and a write-set scheduler for parallel execution. Under an analytical throughput model, the architecture admits a projected range of about 16,000 to 66,000 transactions per second on commodity hardware. |
| title | n-VM: A Multi-VM Layer-1 Architecture with Shared Identity and Token State |
| topic | Cryptography and Security Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23670 |