Enhancing and Reporting Robustness Boundary of Neural Code Models for Intelligent Code Understanding
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911543751344128 |
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| author | Han, Tingxu Song, Wei Sun, Weisong Wu, Hao Fang, Chunrong Xiao, Yuan Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Zhenyu Liu, Yang |
| author_facet | Han, Tingxu Song, Wei Sun, Weisong Wu, Hao Fang, Chunrong Xiao, Yuan Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Zhenyu Liu, Yang |
| contents | With the development of deep learning, Neural Code Models (NCMs) such as CodeBERT and CodeLlama are widely used for code understanding tasks, including defect detection and code classification. However, recent studies have revealed that NCMs are vulnerable to adversarial examples, inputs with subtle perturbations that induce incorrect predictions while remaining difficult to detect. Existing defenses address this issue via data augmentation to empirically improve robustness, but they are costly, offer no theoretical robustness guarantees, and typically require white-box access to model internals, such as gradients. To address the above challenges, we propose ENBECOME, a novel black-box training-free and lightweight adversarial defense. ENBECOME is designed to both enhance empirical robustness and report certified robustness boundaries for NCMs. ENBECOME operates solely during inference, introducing random, semantics-preserving perturbations to input code snippets to smooth the NCM's decision boundaries. This smoothing enables ENBECOME to formally certify a robustness radius within which adversarial examples can never induce misclassification, a property known as certified robustness. We conduct comprehensive experiments across multiple NCM architectures and tasks. Results show that ENBECOME significantly reduces attack success rates while maintaining high accuracy. For example, in defect detection, it reduces the average ASR from 42.43% to 9.74% with only a 0.29% drop in accuracy. Results show that ENBECOME significantly reduces attack success rates while maintaining high accuracy. For example, in defect detection, it reduces the average ASR from 42.43% to 9.74% with only a 0.29% drop in accuracy. Furthermore, ENBECOME achieves an average certified robustness radius of 1.63, meaning that adversarial modifications to no more than 1.63 identifiers are provably ineffective. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_24119 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Enhancing and Reporting Robustness Boundary of Neural Code Models for Intelligent Code Understanding Han, Tingxu Song, Wei Sun, Weisong Wu, Hao Fang, Chunrong Xiao, Yuan Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Zhenyu Liu, Yang Software Engineering With the development of deep learning, Neural Code Models (NCMs) such as CodeBERT and CodeLlama are widely used for code understanding tasks, including defect detection and code classification. However, recent studies have revealed that NCMs are vulnerable to adversarial examples, inputs with subtle perturbations that induce incorrect predictions while remaining difficult to detect. Existing defenses address this issue via data augmentation to empirically improve robustness, but they are costly, offer no theoretical robustness guarantees, and typically require white-box access to model internals, such as gradients. To address the above challenges, we propose ENBECOME, a novel black-box training-free and lightweight adversarial defense. ENBECOME is designed to both enhance empirical robustness and report certified robustness boundaries for NCMs. ENBECOME operates solely during inference, introducing random, semantics-preserving perturbations to input code snippets to smooth the NCM's decision boundaries. This smoothing enables ENBECOME to formally certify a robustness radius within which adversarial examples can never induce misclassification, a property known as certified robustness. We conduct comprehensive experiments across multiple NCM architectures and tasks. Results show that ENBECOME significantly reduces attack success rates while maintaining high accuracy. For example, in defect detection, it reduces the average ASR from 42.43% to 9.74% with only a 0.29% drop in accuracy. Results show that ENBECOME significantly reduces attack success rates while maintaining high accuracy. For example, in defect detection, it reduces the average ASR from 42.43% to 9.74% with only a 0.29% drop in accuracy. Furthermore, ENBECOME achieves an average certified robustness radius of 1.63, meaning that adversarial modifications to no more than 1.63 identifiers are provably ineffective. |
| title | Enhancing and Reporting Robustness Boundary of Neural Code Models for Intelligent Code Understanding |
| topic | Software Engineering |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.24119 |