Enormous Fluid Antenna Systems (E-FAS) under Correlated Surface-Wave Leakage: Physical Layer Security
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2026
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| author | Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Wong, Kai-Kit Kaveh, Masoud Ahmadi, Mohammad Javad Tong, Kin-Fai Shin, Hyundong |
| author_facet | Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Wong, Kai-Kit Kaveh, Masoud Ahmadi, Mohammad Javad Tong, Kin-Fai Shin, Hyundong |
| contents | Enormous fluid antenna systems (E-FAS) have recently emerged as a surface-wave (SW)-enabled architecture that can induce controllable large-scale channel gains through guided electromagnetic routing. This paper develops a secrecy analysis framework for E-FAS-assisted downlink transmission with practical pilot-based channel estimation. We consider a multiple-input single-output (MISO) wiretap setting in which the base station (BS) performs minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) channel estimation and adopts maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) with artificial noise (AN). To capture the leakage of SW routing in EFAS, we introduce a correlated SW-leakage model that accounts for statistical coupling between the legitimate and eavesdropper channels caused by partially overlapping SW propagation paths. Exploiting the two-timescale nature-with slowly varying routing gain and small-scale block fading, we then derive a closed-form conditional expression for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and a tractable characterization of the ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) in the presence of correlated quadratic forms. Our analysis yields three key insights: (i) secrecy collapses at high transmit power if and only if AN is not present, whereas any strictly positive AN can prevent asymptotic collapse; (ii) the optimal data-AN power split is achieved by a strictly interior solution; and (iii) routing gain improves both the received signal strength and the channelestimation quality, creating a nonlinear coupling that raises the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) ceiling in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, and disperses secrecy across routing states. Numerical results indicate that E-FAS markedly enlarges the secure operating region significantly when compared with conventional space-wave transmission. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_25943 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Enormous Fluid Antenna Systems (E-FAS) under Correlated Surface-Wave Leakage: Physical Layer Security Ghadi, Farshad Rostami Wong, Kai-Kit Kaveh, Masoud Ahmadi, Mohammad Javad Tong, Kin-Fai Shin, Hyundong Information Theory Enormous fluid antenna systems (E-FAS) have recently emerged as a surface-wave (SW)-enabled architecture that can induce controllable large-scale channel gains through guided electromagnetic routing. This paper develops a secrecy analysis framework for E-FAS-assisted downlink transmission with practical pilot-based channel estimation. We consider a multiple-input single-output (MISO) wiretap setting in which the base station (BS) performs minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) channel estimation and adopts maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) with artificial noise (AN). To capture the leakage of SW routing in EFAS, we introduce a correlated SW-leakage model that accounts for statistical coupling between the legitimate and eavesdropper channels caused by partially overlapping SW propagation paths. Exploiting the two-timescale nature-with slowly varying routing gain and small-scale block fading, we then derive a closed-form conditional expression for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and a tractable characterization of the ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) in the presence of correlated quadratic forms. Our analysis yields three key insights: (i) secrecy collapses at high transmit power if and only if AN is not present, whereas any strictly positive AN can prevent asymptotic collapse; (ii) the optimal data-AN power split is achieved by a strictly interior solution; and (iii) routing gain improves both the received signal strength and the channelestimation quality, creating a nonlinear coupling that raises the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) ceiling in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, and disperses secrecy across routing states. Numerical results indicate that E-FAS markedly enlarges the secure operating region significantly when compared with conventional space-wave transmission. |
| title | Enormous Fluid Antenna Systems (E-FAS) under Correlated Surface-Wave Leakage: Physical Layer Security |
| topic | Information Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25943 |