The Gravitational-Wave Power Gap in Core-Collapse Supernovae: Insights from 60 Axisymmetric Simulations

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Andresen, Haakon, Li, Xingzao, Betranhandy, Aurore, O'Connor, Evan P., Zha, Shuai, Couch, Sean M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Andresen, Haakon
Li, Xingzao
Betranhandy, Aurore
O'Connor, Evan P.
Zha, Shuai
Couch, Sean M.
author_facet Andresen, Haakon
Li, Xingzao
Betranhandy, Aurore
O'Connor, Evan P.
Zha, Shuai
Couch, Sean M.
contents We analyse the gravitational-wave emission from 60 two-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations. The models cover a range of progenitors and equations of state. We focus on the narrow frequency interval in the gravitational-wave spectrum where the emitted power is strongly suppressed (the power gap) and how its central frequency relates to the physical properties of the simulations. We find that the power-gap frequency exhibits strong and systematic correlations with the properties of the inner core of the forming neutron star, for example the sound speed, suggesting that the gap encodes information about the behaviour of matter at extreme densities. We further examine how well several mechanisms proposed in the literature account for the presence and evolution of the gap in our simulations. Finally, we explore a scenario in which the gap arises from destructive interference between a narrow oscillation mode and a broadband background signal, demonstrating that such an interaction can produce a sharp minimum in the emitted gravitational-wave power.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_26408
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Gravitational-Wave Power Gap in Core-Collapse Supernovae: Insights from 60 Axisymmetric Simulations
Andresen, Haakon
Li, Xingzao
Betranhandy, Aurore
O'Connor, Evan P.
Zha, Shuai
Couch, Sean M.
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
We analyse the gravitational-wave emission from 60 two-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations. The models cover a range of progenitors and equations of state. We focus on the narrow frequency interval in the gravitational-wave spectrum where the emitted power is strongly suppressed (the power gap) and how its central frequency relates to the physical properties of the simulations. We find that the power-gap frequency exhibits strong and systematic correlations with the properties of the inner core of the forming neutron star, for example the sound speed, suggesting that the gap encodes information about the behaviour of matter at extreme densities. We further examine how well several mechanisms proposed in the literature account for the presence and evolution of the gap in our simulations. Finally, we explore a scenario in which the gap arises from destructive interference between a narrow oscillation mode and a broadband background signal, demonstrating that such an interaction can produce a sharp minimum in the emitted gravitational-wave power.
title The Gravitational-Wave Power Gap in Core-Collapse Supernovae: Insights from 60 Axisymmetric Simulations
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.26408