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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.27152 |
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| _version_ | 1866908918911860736 |
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| author | Iqbal, S M Asif Zhang, Hang Yang, Lin Luo, Aoyi Paulsen, Joseph D. Henderson, James H. |
| author_facet | Iqbal, S M Asif Zhang, Hang Yang, Lin Luo, Aoyi Paulsen, Joseph D. Henderson, James H. |
| contents | A single-step, single-material 4D printing method is developed for programmable structures featuring spatially patterned strain trapping for one-way actuation. This approach enables fabrication on desktop fused filament fabrication 3D printers through a recently developed shape-memory strain programming method, Programming via Printing (PvP), which eliminates the need for secondary post-fabrication programming. Large (up to 50%) and spatially controlled trapped tensile strain programming is achieved by PvP model design, geometric coding, and printing parameter optimization. While contraction naturally arises from printing-induced trapped strain, expansion is introduced via architected lattice designs with patterned strain-enabling a full range of deformation modes. These capabilities, validated at the unit-cell level, are further integrated into larger proof-of-concept structures to demonstrate scalability and practical implementation. This strategy provides an accessible, low-cost, and easily adoptable additive manufacturing approach for diverse functional-material applications. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_27152 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Single-material 4D-printed shape-morphing structures via spatially patterned strain trapping Iqbal, S M Asif Zhang, Hang Yang, Lin Luo, Aoyi Paulsen, Joseph D. Henderson, James H. Soft Condensed Matter A single-step, single-material 4D printing method is developed for programmable structures featuring spatially patterned strain trapping for one-way actuation. This approach enables fabrication on desktop fused filament fabrication 3D printers through a recently developed shape-memory strain programming method, Programming via Printing (PvP), which eliminates the need for secondary post-fabrication programming. Large (up to 50%) and spatially controlled trapped tensile strain programming is achieved by PvP model design, geometric coding, and printing parameter optimization. While contraction naturally arises from printing-induced trapped strain, expansion is introduced via architected lattice designs with patterned strain-enabling a full range of deformation modes. These capabilities, validated at the unit-cell level, are further integrated into larger proof-of-concept structures to demonstrate scalability and practical implementation. This strategy provides an accessible, low-cost, and easily adoptable additive manufacturing approach for diverse functional-material applications. |
| title | Single-material 4D-printed shape-morphing structures via spatially patterned strain trapping |
| topic | Soft Condensed Matter |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.27152 |