Amalgam: Hybrid LLM-PGM Synthesis Algorithm for Accuracy and Realism

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Kapenekakis, Antheas, Thomsen, Bent, Hose, Katja, Albano, Michele
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Kapenekakis, Antheas
Thomsen, Bent
Hose, Katja
Albano, Michele
author_facet Kapenekakis, Antheas
Thomsen, Bent
Hose, Katja
Albano, Michele
contents To generate synthetic datasets, e.g., in domains such as healthcare, the literature proposes approaches of two main types: Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs) and Deep Learning models, such as LLMs. While PGMs produce synthetic data that can be used for advanced analytics, they do not support complex schemas and datasets. LLMs on the other hand, support complex schemas but produce skewed dataset distributions, which are less useful for advanced analytics. In this paper, we therefore present Amalgam, a hybrid LLM-PGM data synthesis algorithm supporting both advanced analytics, realism, and tangible privacy properties. We show that Amalgam synthesizes data with an average 91 % $χ^2 P$ value and scores 3.8/5 for realism using our proposed metric, where state-of-the-art is 3.3 and real data is 4.7.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_27254
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Amalgam: Hybrid LLM-PGM Synthesis Algorithm for Accuracy and Realism
Kapenekakis, Antheas
Thomsen, Bent
Hose, Katja
Albano, Michele
Databases
Artificial Intelligence
To generate synthetic datasets, e.g., in domains such as healthcare, the literature proposes approaches of two main types: Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGMs) and Deep Learning models, such as LLMs. While PGMs produce synthetic data that can be used for advanced analytics, they do not support complex schemas and datasets. LLMs on the other hand, support complex schemas but produce skewed dataset distributions, which are less useful for advanced analytics. In this paper, we therefore present Amalgam, a hybrid LLM-PGM data synthesis algorithm supporting both advanced analytics, realism, and tangible privacy properties. We show that Amalgam synthesizes data with an average 91 % $χ^2 P$ value and scores 3.8/5 for realism using our proposed metric, where state-of-the-art is 3.3 and real data is 4.7.
title Amalgam: Hybrid LLM-PGM Synthesis Algorithm for Accuracy and Realism
topic Databases
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.27254