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Main Authors: Belaustegui, Ian Xul, Sinhmar, Himani, Kong, Ling-Wei, Hein, Andrew Michael, Leonard, Naomi Ehrich
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29214
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author Belaustegui, Ian Xul
Sinhmar, Himani
Kong, Ling-Wei
Hein, Andrew Michael
Leonard, Naomi Ehrich
author_facet Belaustegui, Ian Xul
Sinhmar, Himani
Kong, Ling-Wei
Hein, Andrew Michael
Leonard, Naomi Ehrich
contents The Linear Threshold Model (LTM) is widely used to study the propagation of collective behaviors as complex contagions. However, its dependence on discrete states and timesteps restricts its ability to capture the multiple time-scales inherent in decision-making, as well as the effects of subthreshold signaling. To address these limitations, we introduce a continuous-time and state-space relaxation of the LTM based on the Nonlinear Opinion Dynamics (NOD) framework. By replacing the discontinuous step-function thresholds of the LTM with the smooth bifurcations of the NOD model, we map discrete cascade processes to the continuous flow of a dynamical system. We prove that, under appropriate parameter choices, activation in the discrete LTM guarantees activation in the continuous NOD relaxation for any given seed set. We establish computable conditions for equivalence: by sufficiently bounding the social coupling parameter, the continuous NOD cascades exactly recover the cascades of the discrete LTM. We then illustrate how this NOD relaxation provides a richer analytical framework than the LTM, allowing for the exploration of cascades driven by strictly subthreshold inputs and the role of temporally distributed signals.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_29214
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Continuous-Time and State-Space Relaxation of the Linear Threshold Model with Nonlinear Opinion Dynamics
Belaustegui, Ian Xul
Sinhmar, Himani
Kong, Ling-Wei
Hein, Andrew Michael
Leonard, Naomi Ehrich
Systems and Control
Dynamical Systems
The Linear Threshold Model (LTM) is widely used to study the propagation of collective behaviors as complex contagions. However, its dependence on discrete states and timesteps restricts its ability to capture the multiple time-scales inherent in decision-making, as well as the effects of subthreshold signaling. To address these limitations, we introduce a continuous-time and state-space relaxation of the LTM based on the Nonlinear Opinion Dynamics (NOD) framework. By replacing the discontinuous step-function thresholds of the LTM with the smooth bifurcations of the NOD model, we map discrete cascade processes to the continuous flow of a dynamical system. We prove that, under appropriate parameter choices, activation in the discrete LTM guarantees activation in the continuous NOD relaxation for any given seed set. We establish computable conditions for equivalence: by sufficiently bounding the social coupling parameter, the continuous NOD cascades exactly recover the cascades of the discrete LTM. We then illustrate how this NOD relaxation provides a richer analytical framework than the LTM, allowing for the exploration of cascades driven by strictly subthreshold inputs and the role of temporally distributed signals.
title A Continuous-Time and State-Space Relaxation of the Linear Threshold Model with Nonlinear Opinion Dynamics
topic Systems and Control
Dynamical Systems
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29214