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Main Authors: Jin, Xin, Srivastava, Priyam, Wang, Ronghe, Li, Yuqing, Beaumariage, Jonathan, Purdy, Tom, Dutt, M. V. Gurudev, Kim, Kang, Seshadreesan, Kaushik, Liu, Junyu
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29944
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author Jin, Xin
Srivastava, Priyam
Wang, Ronghe
Li, Yuqing
Beaumariage, Jonathan
Purdy, Tom
Dutt, M. V. Gurudev
Kim, Kang
Seshadreesan, Kaushik
Liu, Junyu
author_facet Jin, Xin
Srivastava, Priyam
Wang, Ronghe
Li, Yuqing
Beaumariage, Jonathan
Purdy, Tom
Dutt, M. V. Gurudev
Kim, Kang
Seshadreesan, Kaushik
Liu, Junyu
contents Quantum sensing technologies offer transformative potential for ultra-sensitive biomedical sensing, yet their clinical translation remains constrained by classical noise limits and a reliance on macroscopic ensembles. We propose a unifying generational framework to organize the evolving landscape of quantum biosensors based on their utilization of quantum resources. First-generation devices utilize discrete energy levels for signal transduction but follow classical scaling laws. Second-generation sensors exploit quantum coherence to reach the standard quantum limit, while third-generation architectures leverage entanglement and spin squeezing to approach Heisenberg-limited precision. We further define an emerging fourth generation characterized by the end-to-end integration of quantum sensing with quantum learning and variational circuits, enabling adaptive inference directly within the quantum domain. By analyzing critical parameters such as bandwidth matching and sensor-tissue proximity, we identify key technological bottlenecks and propose a roadmap for transitioning from measuring physical observables to extracting structured biological information with quantum-enhanced intelligence.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_29944
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Four Generations of Quantum Biomedical Sensors
Jin, Xin
Srivastava, Priyam
Wang, Ronghe
Li, Yuqing
Beaumariage, Jonathan
Purdy, Tom
Dutt, M. V. Gurudev
Kim, Kang
Seshadreesan, Kaushik
Liu, Junyu
Quantum Physics
Artificial Intelligence
Quantum sensing technologies offer transformative potential for ultra-sensitive biomedical sensing, yet their clinical translation remains constrained by classical noise limits and a reliance on macroscopic ensembles. We propose a unifying generational framework to organize the evolving landscape of quantum biosensors based on their utilization of quantum resources. First-generation devices utilize discrete energy levels for signal transduction but follow classical scaling laws. Second-generation sensors exploit quantum coherence to reach the standard quantum limit, while third-generation architectures leverage entanglement and spin squeezing to approach Heisenberg-limited precision. We further define an emerging fourth generation characterized by the end-to-end integration of quantum sensing with quantum learning and variational circuits, enabling adaptive inference directly within the quantum domain. By analyzing critical parameters such as bandwidth matching and sensor-tissue proximity, we identify key technological bottlenecks and propose a roadmap for transitioning from measuring physical observables to extracting structured biological information with quantum-enhanced intelligence.
title Four Generations of Quantum Biomedical Sensors
topic Quantum Physics
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29944