On the Meaning of Urban Scaling

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Marquis, Ulysse, Barthelemy, Marc
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Marquis, Ulysse
Barthelemy, Marc
author_facet Marquis, Ulysse
Barthelemy, Marc
contents Cities are often compared through scaling laws, usually expressed as power-law relations between population size and aggregate urban quantities related to infrastructure, socioeconomic activity, or environmental impacts. These laws are influential because their exponent is often interpreted as describing what happens when a city grows, with implications for urban theory, planning, and policy. Here, we show that this interpretation is generally misleading. An exponent measured by comparing many cities at one date does not, in general, describe the trajectory of any individual city. Instead, it reflects a statistical pattern produced by cities with different histories, constraints, institutions, and growth paths. Apparent sublinear or superlinear scaling can therefore arise even when individual cities follow simpler dynamics, as we show for the area--population relation. Cross-sectional scaling laws can reveal system-level regularities, but should not be used alone to infer growth mechanisms or guide policy for a given city.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2603_30021
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On the Meaning of Urban Scaling
Marquis, Ulysse
Barthelemy, Marc
Physics and Society
Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Statistical Mechanics
Cities are often compared through scaling laws, usually expressed as power-law relations between population size and aggregate urban quantities related to infrastructure, socioeconomic activity, or environmental impacts. These laws are influential because their exponent is often interpreted as describing what happens when a city grows, with implications for urban theory, planning, and policy. Here, we show that this interpretation is generally misleading. An exponent measured by comparing many cities at one date does not, in general, describe the trajectory of any individual city. Instead, it reflects a statistical pattern produced by cities with different histories, constraints, institutions, and growth paths. Apparent sublinear or superlinear scaling can therefore arise even when individual cities follow simpler dynamics, as we show for the area--population relation. Cross-sectional scaling laws can reveal system-level regularities, but should not be used alone to infer growth mechanisms or guide policy for a given city.
title On the Meaning of Urban Scaling
topic Physics and Society
Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Statistical Mechanics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.30021