Towards Initialization-dependent and Non-vacuous Generalization Bounds for Overparameterized Shallow Neural Networks
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913054459953152 |
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| author | Lei, Yunwen Xie, Yufeng |
| author_facet | Lei, Yunwen Xie, Yufeng |
| contents | Overparameterized neural networks often show a benign overfitting property in the sense of achieving excellent generalization behavior despite the number of parameters exceeding the number of training examples. A promising direction to explain benign overfitting is to relate generalization to the norm of distance from initialization, motivated by the empirical observations that this distance is often significantly smaller than the norm itself. However, the existing initialization-dependent complexity analyses measure the distance from initialization by the Frobenius norm, and often imply vacuous bounds in practice for overparamterized models. In this paper, we develop initialization-dependent complexity bounds for shallow neural networks with general Lipschitz activation functions. Our bounds depend on the path-norm of the distance from initialization, which are derived by introducing a new peeling technique to handle the challenge along with the initialization-dependent constraint. We also develop a lower bound tight up to a constant factor. Finally, we conduct empirical comparisons and show that our generalization analysis implies non-vacuous bounds for overparameterized networks. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_00505 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Towards Initialization-dependent and Non-vacuous Generalization Bounds for Overparameterized Shallow Neural Networks Lei, Yunwen Xie, Yufeng Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Overparameterized neural networks often show a benign overfitting property in the sense of achieving excellent generalization behavior despite the number of parameters exceeding the number of training examples. A promising direction to explain benign overfitting is to relate generalization to the norm of distance from initialization, motivated by the empirical observations that this distance is often significantly smaller than the norm itself. However, the existing initialization-dependent complexity analyses measure the distance from initialization by the Frobenius norm, and often imply vacuous bounds in practice for overparamterized models. In this paper, we develop initialization-dependent complexity bounds for shallow neural networks with general Lipschitz activation functions. Our bounds depend on the path-norm of the distance from initialization, which are derived by introducing a new peeling technique to handle the challenge along with the initialization-dependent constraint. We also develop a lower bound tight up to a constant factor. Finally, we conduct empirical comparisons and show that our generalization analysis implies non-vacuous bounds for overparameterized networks. |
| title | Towards Initialization-dependent and Non-vacuous Generalization Bounds for Overparameterized Shallow Neural Networks |
| topic | Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.00505 |