Supermassive Primordial Black Holes from a Catalyzed Dark Phase Transition for Little Red Dots
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866910095142551552 |
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| author | Guo, Jinhui Liu, Jia Tanaka, Masanori Wang, Xiao-Ping Xiao, Huangyu |
| author_facet | Guo, Jinhui Liu, Jia Tanaka, Masanori Wang, Xiao-Ping Xiao, Huangyu |
| contents | JWST has revealed an abundant population of compact, low-metallicity "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) at high redshift, challenging conventional scenarios in which supermassive black holes (SMBHs) grow from stellar-mass seeds. We consider a scenario in which the SMBHs are instead supermassive primordial black holes (SMPBHs), formed directly in a decoupled, subdominant dark sector undergoing a first-order phase transition. Unlike conventional stochastic phase transitions, our mechanism is based on the catalysis by domain walls (DWs): most of the Universe completes the transition rapidly, while rare long-lived false-vacuum domains survive because of DW statistics and collapse into PBHs. This mechanism naturally yields SMPBH seeds with masses up to $M_{\rm PBH}\sim \mathcal{O}(10^{10}) M_\odot$, whose abundance can account for the observed LRD population. It also avoids the usual tensions with phase transition completion, $ΔN_{\rm eff}$, and large curvature perturbations. The dark phase transition simultaneously generates an ultra-low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background peaking near the pulsar-timing-array range, providing a test of this dark-sector origin of LRDs. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_01304 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Supermassive Primordial Black Holes from a Catalyzed Dark Phase Transition for Little Red Dots Guo, Jinhui Liu, Jia Tanaka, Masanori Wang, Xiao-Ping Xiao, Huangyu High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies JWST has revealed an abundant population of compact, low-metallicity "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) at high redshift, challenging conventional scenarios in which supermassive black holes (SMBHs) grow from stellar-mass seeds. We consider a scenario in which the SMBHs are instead supermassive primordial black holes (SMPBHs), formed directly in a decoupled, subdominant dark sector undergoing a first-order phase transition. Unlike conventional stochastic phase transitions, our mechanism is based on the catalysis by domain walls (DWs): most of the Universe completes the transition rapidly, while rare long-lived false-vacuum domains survive because of DW statistics and collapse into PBHs. This mechanism naturally yields SMPBH seeds with masses up to $M_{\rm PBH}\sim \mathcal{O}(10^{10}) M_\odot$, whose abundance can account for the observed LRD population. It also avoids the usual tensions with phase transition completion, $ΔN_{\rm eff}$, and large curvature perturbations. The dark phase transition simultaneously generates an ultra-low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background peaking near the pulsar-timing-array range, providing a test of this dark-sector origin of LRDs. |
| title | Supermassive Primordial Black Holes from a Catalyzed Dark Phase Transition for Little Red Dots |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.01304 |