Three Thousand Motion-Confirmed L and T Dwarf Candidates from the Backyard Worlds:~Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
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2026
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| author | Schneider, Adam C. Kuchner, Marc J. Faherty, Jacqueline K. Meisner, Aaron M. Kirkpatrick, J. Davy Burgasser, Adam J. Gagliuffi, Daniella Bardalez Bickle, Thomas P. Caselden, Dan Casewell, Sarah L. Gagné, Jonathan Honaker, Easton J. Kiwy, Frank Marocco, Federico Rothermich, Austin Andersen, Nikolaj Stevnbak Arroyo, Lizzeth Ruiz Baller, Bruce Beaulieu, Paul Bell, John Bilsing, Martin Bohling, Troy K. Colin, Guillaume Colombo, Giovanni Deen, Sam Dereveanco, Alexandru Dixon, Kevin Luca, Hugo A. Durantini Flores, Deiby Frank, Christoph Fulvi, Christopher Gallmann, Michael Gantier, Jean Marc Glebov, Konstantin Gramaize, Léopold Hamlet, Leslie K. Hinckley, Ken Jablonski, Kevin Jałowiczor, Peter A. Kabatnik, Martin Kasprowitz, Peter Ly, K Martin, David W. Marzak, Naoufel McColgan, Alexander McEwan, Neil J. Michaels, Marianne N. Pendrill, William Perlin, Stéphane Pumphrey, Ben Rabe, James Raway, Henry Robledo, Walter Ruben Roser, David Roy, Animesh Sainio, Arttu Schindler, Vincent Schonau, Manfred Schümann, Jörg Selg-Mann, Karl Serio, Andrea Sirbescu-Stanley, David Smith, Patrick Stenner, Andres Sunjoto, Christine Tanner, Christopher Thévenot, Melina Thakur, Vinod Guerrero, Mayahuel Torres Ventura, Maurizio Voloshin, Nikita V. Walla, Jim Wȩdracki, Zbigniew Weyandt, Bailey Wilhite, Breck Zitouni, Spartacus |
| author_facet | Schneider, Adam C. Kuchner, Marc J. Faherty, Jacqueline K. Meisner, Aaron M. Kirkpatrick, J. Davy Burgasser, Adam J. Gagliuffi, Daniella Bardalez Bickle, Thomas P. Caselden, Dan Casewell, Sarah L. Gagné, Jonathan Honaker, Easton J. Kiwy, Frank Marocco, Federico Rothermich, Austin Andersen, Nikolaj Stevnbak Arroyo, Lizzeth Ruiz Baller, Bruce Beaulieu, Paul Bell, John Bilsing, Martin Bohling, Troy K. Colin, Guillaume Colombo, Giovanni Deen, Sam Dereveanco, Alexandru Dixon, Kevin Luca, Hugo A. Durantini Flores, Deiby Frank, Christoph Fulvi, Christopher Gallmann, Michael Gantier, Jean Marc Glebov, Konstantin Gramaize, Léopold Hamlet, Leslie K. Hinckley, Ken Jablonski, Kevin Jałowiczor, Peter A. Kabatnik, Martin Kasprowitz, Peter Ly, K Martin, David W. Marzak, Naoufel McColgan, Alexander McEwan, Neil J. Michaels, Marianne N. Pendrill, William Perlin, Stéphane Pumphrey, Ben Rabe, James Raway, Henry Robledo, Walter Ruben Roser, David Roy, Animesh Sainio, Arttu Schindler, Vincent Schonau, Manfred Schümann, Jörg Selg-Mann, Karl Serio, Andrea Sirbescu-Stanley, David Smith, Patrick Stenner, Andres Sunjoto, Christine Tanner, Christopher Thévenot, Melina Thakur, Vinod Guerrero, Mayahuel Torres Ventura, Maurizio Voloshin, Nikita V. Walla, Jim Wȩdracki, Zbigniew Weyandt, Bailey Wilhite, Breck Zitouni, Spartacus |
| contents | The Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science project uses data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer to detect infrared objects with significant motion. In this work, we present the majority of the L and T dwarf candidates discovered through this effort. For each candidate, we provide proper motion measurements as well as optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared photometry (when available), photometric spectral types and distance estimates. Three thousand and six new motion-confirmed discoveries are presented in this work, 2,357 with L-type photometric spectral types and 649 with T-type photometric spectral types. We also present an additional 80 objects as likely L or T dwarfs based on available photometry, but for which a significant motion measurement could not be obtained. We identify 28 objects in this sample as new comoving companions to higher-mass stars, and an additional 9 sources that are candidate binary systems made up of two ultracool dwarfs of L-type or later. Follow-up spectroscopic observations will be necessary to confirm spectral types and further characterize the sources discovered through this project. This work presents the largest single sample of motion-confirmed L and T dwarf discoveries to date, which would more than double the number of known L and T dwarfs, if confirmed. We wish to sincerely thank our citizen scientist collaborators for their monumental efforts that have directly impacted this project's success. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_01323 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Three Thousand Motion-Confirmed L and T Dwarf Candidates from the Backyard Worlds:~Planet 9 Citizen Science Project Schneider, Adam C. Kuchner, Marc J. Faherty, Jacqueline K. Meisner, Aaron M. Kirkpatrick, J. Davy Burgasser, Adam J. Gagliuffi, Daniella Bardalez Bickle, Thomas P. Caselden, Dan Casewell, Sarah L. Gagné, Jonathan Honaker, Easton J. Kiwy, Frank Marocco, Federico Rothermich, Austin Andersen, Nikolaj Stevnbak Arroyo, Lizzeth Ruiz Baller, Bruce Beaulieu, Paul Bell, John Bilsing, Martin Bohling, Troy K. Colin, Guillaume Colombo, Giovanni Deen, Sam Dereveanco, Alexandru Dixon, Kevin Luca, Hugo A. Durantini Flores, Deiby Frank, Christoph Fulvi, Christopher Gallmann, Michael Gantier, Jean Marc Glebov, Konstantin Gramaize, Léopold Hamlet, Leslie K. Hinckley, Ken Jablonski, Kevin Jałowiczor, Peter A. Kabatnik, Martin Kasprowitz, Peter Ly, K Martin, David W. Marzak, Naoufel McColgan, Alexander McEwan, Neil J. Michaels, Marianne N. Pendrill, William Perlin, Stéphane Pumphrey, Ben Rabe, James Raway, Henry Robledo, Walter Ruben Roser, David Roy, Animesh Sainio, Arttu Schindler, Vincent Schonau, Manfred Schümann, Jörg Selg-Mann, Karl Serio, Andrea Sirbescu-Stanley, David Smith, Patrick Stenner, Andres Sunjoto, Christine Tanner, Christopher Thévenot, Melina Thakur, Vinod Guerrero, Mayahuel Torres Ventura, Maurizio Voloshin, Nikita V. Walla, Jim Wȩdracki, Zbigniew Weyandt, Bailey Wilhite, Breck Zitouni, Spartacus Solar and Stellar Astrophysics The Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science project uses data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer to detect infrared objects with significant motion. In this work, we present the majority of the L and T dwarf candidates discovered through this effort. For each candidate, we provide proper motion measurements as well as optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared photometry (when available), photometric spectral types and distance estimates. Three thousand and six new motion-confirmed discoveries are presented in this work, 2,357 with L-type photometric spectral types and 649 with T-type photometric spectral types. We also present an additional 80 objects as likely L or T dwarfs based on available photometry, but for which a significant motion measurement could not be obtained. We identify 28 objects in this sample as new comoving companions to higher-mass stars, and an additional 9 sources that are candidate binary systems made up of two ultracool dwarfs of L-type or later. Follow-up spectroscopic observations will be necessary to confirm spectral types and further characterize the sources discovered through this project. This work presents the largest single sample of motion-confirmed L and T dwarf discoveries to date, which would more than double the number of known L and T dwarfs, if confirmed. We wish to sincerely thank our citizen scientist collaborators for their monumental efforts that have directly impacted this project's success. |
| title | Three Thousand Motion-Confirmed L and T Dwarf Candidates from the Backyard Worlds:~Planet 9 Citizen Science Project |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.01323 |