The Retraction Epidemic in Science Across Publishers, Fields, and Countries

Fuente: arXiv
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Hauptverfasser: Venturini, Sara, Urbinati, Alessandra, Gallo, Paola, Davis, Jessica T., Vespignani, Alessandro
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Venturini, Sara
Urbinati, Alessandra
Gallo, Paola
Davis, Jessica T.
Vespignani, Alessandro
author_facet Venturini, Sara
Urbinati, Alessandra
Gallo, Paola
Davis, Jessica T.
Vespignani, Alessandro
contents Retractions serve as an indicator of failures in research integrity, yet most analyses focus on absolute counts rather than risk per paper. We use one of the largest open bibliographic databases to develop incidence metrics normalized by population: retractions per publication and per active author annually. Applying an epidemiological framework that models counts with exposure, we find evidence of exponential growth in retraction incidence, with approximately a 5-year doubling time at both the paper and author levels. These patterns vary significantly across fields, publishers, and countries. While scientific output is becoming more democratized globally, retractions are concentrated in fewer countries, creating a "concentration" paradox that calls for targeted monitoring. Despite exponential growth, the absolute incidence remains low (0.12% in 2021), allowing for corrective intervention. Incidence-based monitoring provides a framework for evaluating policies that safeguard research integrity at scale.
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_02302
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Retraction Epidemic in Science Across Publishers, Fields, and Countries
Venturini, Sara
Urbinati, Alessandra
Gallo, Paola
Davis, Jessica T.
Vespignani, Alessandro
Physics and Society
Retractions serve as an indicator of failures in research integrity, yet most analyses focus on absolute counts rather than risk per paper. We use one of the largest open bibliographic databases to develop incidence metrics normalized by population: retractions per publication and per active author annually. Applying an epidemiological framework that models counts with exposure, we find evidence of exponential growth in retraction incidence, with approximately a 5-year doubling time at both the paper and author levels. These patterns vary significantly across fields, publishers, and countries. While scientific output is becoming more democratized globally, retractions are concentrated in fewer countries, creating a "concentration" paradox that calls for targeted monitoring. Despite exponential growth, the absolute incidence remains low (0.12% in 2021), allowing for corrective intervention. Incidence-based monitoring provides a framework for evaluating policies that safeguard research integrity at scale.
title The Retraction Epidemic in Science Across Publishers, Fields, and Countries
topic Physics and Society
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02302