MIMO OFDM-Enabled ISAC for Low-Altitude Non-Cooperative UAV Surveillance: A Survey
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866913001223749632 |
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| author | Bai, Shiyu Li, Sijia Yin, Cunyi Qu, Wenqiu Hsu, Li-Ta Liu, Yuanwei Chen, Wen-Hua |
| author_facet | Bai, Shiyu Li, Sijia Yin, Cunyi Qu, Wenqiu Hsu, Li-Ta Liu, Yuanwei Chen, Wen-Hua |
| contents | The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in low-altitude airspace has raised significant safety and security concerns, motivating the development of reliable non-cooperative UAV surveillance technologies. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), enabled by multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms, has emerged as a promising paradigm for leveraging cellular infrastructure to support large-scale sensing without additional hardware deployment. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey dedicated to MIMO OFDM-enabled ISAC for low-altitude non-cooperative UAV surveillance, where the targeted UAVs do not intentionally assist the monitoring system through dedicated signaling or prior coordinate sharing. We first analyze the unique propagation characteristics of low-altitude UAV sensing, including severe clutter, rapid channel variations, and mixed near/far-field effects, and discuss corresponding waveform design principles. We then systematically review existing MIMO OFDM-enabled UAV surveillance techniques along four key dimensions: ISAC system modeling and network optimization, UAV detection and tracking algorithms under single and networked base station (BS) architectures, UAV identification techniques based on micro-Doppler and learning-based approaches, and experimental validations and practical field trials. Subsequently, we summarize open challenges such as sensing under severe clutter and multipath, data scarcity for identification, cooperative multi-BS fusion, and real-world deployment constraints. Finally, we outline promising future research directions toward 5G-Advanced (5G-A) and 6G-enabled low-altitude surveillance systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_02680 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | MIMO OFDM-Enabled ISAC for Low-Altitude Non-Cooperative UAV Surveillance: A Survey Bai, Shiyu Li, Sijia Yin, Cunyi Qu, Wenqiu Hsu, Li-Ta Liu, Yuanwei Chen, Wen-Hua Signal Processing The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in low-altitude airspace has raised significant safety and security concerns, motivating the development of reliable non-cooperative UAV surveillance technologies. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), enabled by multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms, has emerged as a promising paradigm for leveraging cellular infrastructure to support large-scale sensing without additional hardware deployment. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey dedicated to MIMO OFDM-enabled ISAC for low-altitude non-cooperative UAV surveillance, where the targeted UAVs do not intentionally assist the monitoring system through dedicated signaling or prior coordinate sharing. We first analyze the unique propagation characteristics of low-altitude UAV sensing, including severe clutter, rapid channel variations, and mixed near/far-field effects, and discuss corresponding waveform design principles. We then systematically review existing MIMO OFDM-enabled UAV surveillance techniques along four key dimensions: ISAC system modeling and network optimization, UAV detection and tracking algorithms under single and networked base station (BS) architectures, UAV identification techniques based on micro-Doppler and learning-based approaches, and experimental validations and practical field trials. Subsequently, we summarize open challenges such as sensing under severe clutter and multipath, data scarcity for identification, cooperative multi-BS fusion, and real-world deployment constraints. Finally, we outline promising future research directions toward 5G-Advanced (5G-A) and 6G-enabled low-altitude surveillance systems. |
| title | MIMO OFDM-Enabled ISAC for Low-Altitude Non-Cooperative UAV Surveillance: A Survey |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02680 |