Random Is Hard to Beat: Active Selection in online DPO with Modern LLMs
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913001285615616 |
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| author | Oh, Giyeong Lee, Junghyun Park, Jaehyun Yu, Youngjae Bae, Wonho Noh, Junhyug |
| author_facet | Oh, Giyeong Lee, Junghyun Park, Jaehyun Yu, Youngjae Bae, Wonho Noh, Junhyug |
| contents | Modern LLMs inherit strong priors from web-scale pretraining, which can limit the headroom of post-training data-selection strategies. While Active Preference Learning (APL) seeks to optimize query efficiency in online Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), the inherent richness of on-policy candidate pools often renders simple Random sampling a surprisingly formidable baseline. We evaluate uncertainty-based APL against Random across harmlessness, helpfulness, and instruction-following settings, utilizing both reward models and LLM-as-a-judge proxies. We find that APL yields negligible improvements in proxy win-rates compared to Random. Crucially, we observe a dissociation where win-rate improves even as general capability -- measured by standard benchmarks -- degrades. APL fails to mitigate this capability collapse or reduce variance significantly better than random sampling. Our findings suggest that in the regime of strong pre-trained priors, the computational overhead of active selection is difficult to justify against the ``cheap diversity'' provided by simple random samples. Our code is available at https://github.com/BootsofLagrangian/random-vs-apl. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_02766 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Random Is Hard to Beat: Active Selection in online DPO with Modern LLMs Oh, Giyeong Lee, Junghyun Park, Jaehyun Yu, Youngjae Bae, Wonho Noh, Junhyug Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Modern LLMs inherit strong priors from web-scale pretraining, which can limit the headroom of post-training data-selection strategies. While Active Preference Learning (APL) seeks to optimize query efficiency in online Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), the inherent richness of on-policy candidate pools often renders simple Random sampling a surprisingly formidable baseline. We evaluate uncertainty-based APL against Random across harmlessness, helpfulness, and instruction-following settings, utilizing both reward models and LLM-as-a-judge proxies. We find that APL yields negligible improvements in proxy win-rates compared to Random. Crucially, we observe a dissociation where win-rate improves even as general capability -- measured by standard benchmarks -- degrades. APL fails to mitigate this capability collapse or reduce variance significantly better than random sampling. Our findings suggest that in the regime of strong pre-trained priors, the computational overhead of active selection is difficult to justify against the ``cheap diversity'' provided by simple random samples. Our code is available at https://github.com/BootsofLagrangian/random-vs-apl. |
| title | Random Is Hard to Beat: Active Selection in online DPO with Modern LLMs |
| topic | Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02766 |