Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Constraints on the CCC+TL Cosmology
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Gupta, Rajendra P. Samaras, Nikolaos |
| author_facet | Gupta, Rajendra P. Samaras, Nikolaos |
| contents | We investigate whether Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) remains compatible with the Covarying Coupling Constants plus Tired Light (CCC+TL) cosmology. In this framework, only quantities with explicit length dimensionality covary through a universal scaling function $f \left( z \right)$, while dimensionless constants and dimensionless ratios remain invariant. At the redshifts $z$ relevant to BBN, $f \left( z \right )$ approaches a constant plateau $f_{\text{max}} \left( z \right) \simeq 3$, and the tired-light contribution is negligible, so the early-time dynamics reduce to a global rescaling of dimensioned quantities. In particular, the Hubble expansion rate $H$ at fixed temperature $T$ satisfies $H_{\text{CTL}} \left( T \right) = f^{-1}_{\text{max}} H_{Λ\text{CDM}}\left( T\right)$, implying a longer cooling time $Δt$ between weak freeze-out and the onset of nucleosynthesis by the same factor (CCC+TL labeled as $\textit{CTL}$). We find that BBN predictions are preserved provided the relevant interaction rates $Γ$ and decay rates governing the neutron lifetime $τ_n$ share the same plateau scaling as $H$, so that governing combinations such as $Γ\text{/}H$ and $\text{exp} \left( -Δt \text{/} τ_n \right)$ remain invariant. Implementing these plateau rescalings in the Kawano/NUC123 network (via a single control parameter $\texttt{fctl} \equiv f_{\text{max}}$) yields identical light-element abundances for $\texttt{fctl}= 1$ ($Λ$CDM) and $\texttt{fctl} = 3\left( \text{CCC+TL} \right)$ to within $10^{-3} - 10^{-4}$ level, consistent with numerical rounding. We also illustrate that adopting the lower late-time CCC+TL baryon density from the Pantheon+ data fit can reduce the ${}^7\text{Li}$ discrepancy but simultaneously increases D/H, implying that BBN alone does not select between the late-time baryon-density inferences considered here. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_03381 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Constraints on the CCC+TL Cosmology Gupta, Rajendra P. Samaras, Nikolaos Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics We investigate whether Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) remains compatible with the Covarying Coupling Constants plus Tired Light (CCC+TL) cosmology. In this framework, only quantities with explicit length dimensionality covary through a universal scaling function $f \left( z \right)$, while dimensionless constants and dimensionless ratios remain invariant. At the redshifts $z$ relevant to BBN, $f \left( z \right )$ approaches a constant plateau $f_{\text{max}} \left( z \right) \simeq 3$, and the tired-light contribution is negligible, so the early-time dynamics reduce to a global rescaling of dimensioned quantities. In particular, the Hubble expansion rate $H$ at fixed temperature $T$ satisfies $H_{\text{CTL}} \left( T \right) = f^{-1}_{\text{max}} H_{Λ\text{CDM}}\left( T\right)$, implying a longer cooling time $Δt$ between weak freeze-out and the onset of nucleosynthesis by the same factor (CCC+TL labeled as $\textit{CTL}$). We find that BBN predictions are preserved provided the relevant interaction rates $Γ$ and decay rates governing the neutron lifetime $τ_n$ share the same plateau scaling as $H$, so that governing combinations such as $Γ\text{/}H$ and $\text{exp} \left( -Δt \text{/} τ_n \right)$ remain invariant. Implementing these plateau rescalings in the Kawano/NUC123 network (via a single control parameter $\texttt{fctl} \equiv f_{\text{max}}$) yields identical light-element abundances for $\texttt{fctl}= 1$ ($Λ$CDM) and $\texttt{fctl} = 3\left( \text{CCC+TL} \right)$ to within $10^{-3} - 10^{-4}$ level, consistent with numerical rounding. We also illustrate that adopting the lower late-time CCC+TL baryon density from the Pantheon+ data fit can reduce the ${}^7\text{Li}$ discrepancy but simultaneously increases D/H, implying that BBN alone does not select between the late-time baryon-density inferences considered here. |
| title | Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Constraints on the CCC+TL Cosmology |
| topic | Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03381 |