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Main Authors: Yuan, Meng, Yan, Tinghui, Xu, Zhezhuang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03655
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author Yuan, Meng
Yan, Tinghui
Xu, Zhezhuang
author_facet Yuan, Meng
Yan, Tinghui
Xu, Zhezhuang
contents The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems, stationary energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) alongside demand response (DR) programmes in industrial parks presents opportunities to reduce costs and improve renewable energy utilisation. Coordinating these resources is challenging because office and production zones have distinct operational objectives, and battery ageing costs are often ignored. This paper proposes a DR-based energy management framework that jointly optimises grid interaction costs, thermal comfort, EV departure state-of-charge requirements, carbon emissions, and battery ageing. We model heterogeneous load characteristics using a dynamic energy distribution ratio and incorporate dispatch-level ageing models for both ESS and EV batteries. The problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) and solved with a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. High-fidelity simulations using data from a practical industrial park in China show the framework maintains indoor comfort while significantly reducing total operating costs, yielding savings of 44.58\% and 40.68\% compared with a rule-based DR strategy and a conventional time-of-use arbitrage approach, respectively.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_03655
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Reinforcement Learning-Based Energy Management for Industrial Park with Heterogeneous Batteries under Demand Response
Yuan, Meng
Yan, Tinghui
Xu, Zhezhuang
Systems and Control
The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems, stationary energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) alongside demand response (DR) programmes in industrial parks presents opportunities to reduce costs and improve renewable energy utilisation. Coordinating these resources is challenging because office and production zones have distinct operational objectives, and battery ageing costs are often ignored. This paper proposes a DR-based energy management framework that jointly optimises grid interaction costs, thermal comfort, EV departure state-of-charge requirements, carbon emissions, and battery ageing. We model heterogeneous load characteristics using a dynamic energy distribution ratio and incorporate dispatch-level ageing models for both ESS and EV batteries. The problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) and solved with a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. High-fidelity simulations using data from a practical industrial park in China show the framework maintains indoor comfort while significantly reducing total operating costs, yielding savings of 44.58\% and 40.68\% compared with a rule-based DR strategy and a conventional time-of-use arbitrage approach, respectively.
title Reinforcement Learning-Based Energy Management for Industrial Park with Heterogeneous Batteries under Demand Response
topic Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03655