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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04621 |
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| _version_ | 1866914448642408448 |
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| author | Wang, Weijia You, Changsheng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui |
| author_facet | Wang, Weijia You, Changsheng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui |
| contents | Reconfigurable antenna technology, such as movable antennas (MAs) and rotatable antennas (RAs), has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the communication performance of wireless systems by exploiting the new degree of freedom (DoF) in antenna reconfiguration. However, existing RA designs mostly consider the array-wise or antenna-wise rotation only, which constrain their great potential in the wide-range radiation pattern control. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new hierarchical rotational six-dimensional MA (HR-6DMA) architecture to improve downlink coverage, which exploits array-wise rotation for global orientation adjustment and individual antenna rotation for fine-grained radiation refinement. Based on this array architecture, we then formulate an optimization problem to maximize the minimum beamforming gain over a target region by jointly optimizing the two-level rotations and transmit beamforming. To solve this non-convex problem, an efficient algorithm is proposed, where the transmit beamforming and per-antenna rotation are optimized via alternating optimization under any feasible array rotation, followed by a low-complexity linear search to determine the optimal array rotation. Last, numerical results show that the proposed HR-6DMA significantly improves the minimum beamforming gain over fixed and single-level rotatable arrays. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_04621 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Flexible Beamforming Design with Hierarchical Rotational 6DMA Systems Wang, Weijia You, Changsheng Shao, Xiaodan Zhang, Rui Signal Processing Reconfigurable antenna technology, such as movable antennas (MAs) and rotatable antennas (RAs), has emerged as a promising solution to enhance the communication performance of wireless systems by exploiting the new degree of freedom (DoF) in antenna reconfiguration. However, existing RA designs mostly consider the array-wise or antenna-wise rotation only, which constrain their great potential in the wide-range radiation pattern control. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new hierarchical rotational six-dimensional MA (HR-6DMA) architecture to improve downlink coverage, which exploits array-wise rotation for global orientation adjustment and individual antenna rotation for fine-grained radiation refinement. Based on this array architecture, we then formulate an optimization problem to maximize the minimum beamforming gain over a target region by jointly optimizing the two-level rotations and transmit beamforming. To solve this non-convex problem, an efficient algorithm is proposed, where the transmit beamforming and per-antenna rotation are optimized via alternating optimization under any feasible array rotation, followed by a low-complexity linear search to determine the optimal array rotation. Last, numerical results show that the proposed HR-6DMA significantly improves the minimum beamforming gain over fixed and single-level rotatable arrays. |
| title | Flexible Beamforming Design with Hierarchical Rotational 6DMA Systems |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04621 |