Constraints on the Injection of Radiation in the Early Universe

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Joseph, Melissa, Kumar, Jason, Sandick, Pearl
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Joseph, Melissa
Kumar, Jason
Sandick, Pearl
author_facet Joseph, Melissa
Kumar, Jason
Sandick, Pearl
contents We consider the generic injection of radiation (both dark and electromagnetic) during the epoch between big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and recombination. The contribution of the additional radiation to the number of effective neutrinos may be quite small in this scenario, since dark radiation and electromagnetic radiation provide contributions of opposite sign. However, the injection of electromagnetic radiation dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, which is measured both at BBN and at recombination. As a result, this scenario is expected to be tightly constrained. Indeed, performing a numerical study, we find that the allowed amount of extra radiation may be no more than $\sim 25\%$ greater than in the case where it is assumed to be entirely dark radiation.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_05282
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Constraints on the Injection of Radiation in the Early Universe
Joseph, Melissa
Kumar, Jason
Sandick, Pearl
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
We consider the generic injection of radiation (both dark and electromagnetic) during the epoch between big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and recombination. The contribution of the additional radiation to the number of effective neutrinos may be quite small in this scenario, since dark radiation and electromagnetic radiation provide contributions of opposite sign. However, the injection of electromagnetic radiation dilutes the baryon-to-entropy ratio, which is measured both at BBN and at recombination. As a result, this scenario is expected to be tightly constrained. Indeed, performing a numerical study, we find that the allowed amount of extra radiation may be no more than $\sim 25\%$ greater than in the case where it is assumed to be entirely dark radiation.
title Constraints on the Injection of Radiation in the Early Universe
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.05282