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Main Authors: Baltussen, Tren, Lawrence, Nathan P., Katriniok, Alexander, Mesbah, Ali, Heemels, Maurice
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06045
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author Baltussen, Tren
Lawrence, Nathan P.
Katriniok, Alexander
Mesbah, Ali
Heemels, Maurice
author_facet Baltussen, Tren
Lawrence, Nathan P.
Katriniok, Alexander
Mesbah, Ali
Heemels, Maurice
contents Dual control addresses the trade-off between exploitation and exploration, where control inputs both regulate the system and generate informative data for estimation and identification. For certain problem classes, control and estimation can be designed independently without loss of optimality, a property known as the separation principle. However, in stochastic control problems with model uncertainty and constraints, this principle generally breaks down, and introduces the need for dual control. In this paper, we propose an information-weighted dual model predictive control (MPC) formulation and introduce metrics that quantify the dependence of the MPC policy on the uncertainty. We focus on parametric uncertainty in linear systems with Gaussian noise, though the metrics can be applied more broadly. Numerical results show that the dependence of the MPC policy on the posterior covariance is largest under high uncertainty and vanishes as the posterior covariance contracts, providing empirical evidence of the dual effect in closed loop. Moreover, the dual controller improves regulation performance and model accuracy compared to certainty-equivalent MPC.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_06045
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Separation Principle and the Dual-Certainty Equivalence Gap in Model Predictive Control
Baltussen, Tren
Lawrence, Nathan P.
Katriniok, Alexander
Mesbah, Ali
Heemels, Maurice
Optimization and Control
Dual control addresses the trade-off between exploitation and exploration, where control inputs both regulate the system and generate informative data for estimation and identification. For certain problem classes, control and estimation can be designed independently without loss of optimality, a property known as the separation principle. However, in stochastic control problems with model uncertainty and constraints, this principle generally breaks down, and introduces the need for dual control. In this paper, we propose an information-weighted dual model predictive control (MPC) formulation and introduce metrics that quantify the dependence of the MPC policy on the uncertainty. We focus on parametric uncertainty in linear systems with Gaussian noise, though the metrics can be applied more broadly. Numerical results show that the dependence of the MPC policy on the posterior covariance is largest under high uncertainty and vanishes as the posterior covariance contracts, providing empirical evidence of the dual effect in closed loop. Moreover, the dual controller improves regulation performance and model accuracy compared to certainty-equivalent MPC.
title The Separation Principle and the Dual-Certainty Equivalence Gap in Model Predictive Control
topic Optimization and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06045