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1. Verfasser: Kaddour, Jean
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06159
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author Kaddour, Jean
author_facet Kaddour, Jean
contents In RL, given a prompt, we sample a group of completions from a model and score them. Two questions follow: which completions should gain probability mass, and how should the parameters move to realize that change? Standard policy-gradient methods answer both at once, so the update can overshoot or undershoot depending on the learning rate, clipping, and other optimizer choices. We introduce \emph{Target Policy Optimization} (TPO), which separates the two questions. Given scored completions, TPO constructs a target distribution $q_i \propto p_i^{\,\mathrm{old}} \exp(u_i)$ and fits the policy to it by cross-entropy. The loss gradient on sampled-completion logits is $p^θ- q$, which vanishes once the policy matches the target. On tabular bandits, transformer sequence tasks, and billion-parameter LLM RLVR, TPO matches PG, PPO, GRPO, and DG on easy tasks and substantially outperforms them under sparse reward. Code is available at https://github.com/JeanKaddour/tpo.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_06159
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Target Policy Optimization
Kaddour, Jean
Machine Learning
In RL, given a prompt, we sample a group of completions from a model and score them. Two questions follow: which completions should gain probability mass, and how should the parameters move to realize that change? Standard policy-gradient methods answer both at once, so the update can overshoot or undershoot depending on the learning rate, clipping, and other optimizer choices. We introduce \emph{Target Policy Optimization} (TPO), which separates the two questions. Given scored completions, TPO constructs a target distribution $q_i \propto p_i^{\,\mathrm{old}} \exp(u_i)$ and fits the policy to it by cross-entropy. The loss gradient on sampled-completion logits is $p^θ- q$, which vanishes once the policy matches the target. On tabular bandits, transformer sequence tasks, and billion-parameter LLM RLVR, TPO matches PG, PPO, GRPO, and DG on easy tasks and substantially outperforms them under sparse reward. Code is available at https://github.com/JeanKaddour/tpo.
title Target Policy Optimization
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06159