An archival search for gamma-ray bursts gravitationally lensed by galaxy clusters

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Hauptverfasser: Ryczanowski, Dan, Jones, Benjamin P., Gompertz, Benjamin P., Smith, Graham P.
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Ryczanowski, Dan
Jones, Benjamin P.
Gompertz, Benjamin P.
Smith, Graham P.
author_facet Ryczanowski, Dan
Jones, Benjamin P.
Gompertz, Benjamin P.
Smith, Graham P.
contents Discoveries of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have become commonplace in recent decades, totalling $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$ unique detections across various missions. However, there have been no confirmed discoveries of a gravitationally-lensed GRB, despite expected lensing rates of $\sim1$ in $10^{3}$. In light of this, we complete an archival search for lensed GRBs by cross-matching well-localised \emph{Swift}/XRT-detected bursts with a large all-sky sample of galaxy clusters as potential lenses. We find a total of 17 candidate lensed GRBs defined by a 2 arcminute search radius from a cluster in our sample. 14 of our candidates are either confirmed to be at higher redshifts than their cross-matched cluster, or are consistent with a higher redshift origin based on the Amati relation between $E_{p,i}$ and $E_{\rm iso}$ of GRBs, indicating they are, at some level, lensed by their nearby cluster. Using the Amati relation and the lens-GRB separation, we quantify the magnification experienced by each GRB. We find $μ< 10$ for all except for one candidate, GRB~071031, which is consistent with $μ> 10$, but is uncertain. Another candidate, GRB~050509B, does not have a directly measured redshift, but was previously assumed to be at the redshift of its nearby cluster, $z=0.225$. We produce a lens model of this cluster and show that GRB~050509B is consistent with $z>1$ and magnified by $μ\simeq2-6$. We present these findings in anticipation of future lensed GRB discoveries enabled by facilities such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in the coming years.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_06311
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An archival search for gamma-ray bursts gravitationally lensed by galaxy clusters
Ryczanowski, Dan
Jones, Benjamin P.
Gompertz, Benjamin P.
Smith, Graham P.
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Discoveries of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have become commonplace in recent decades, totalling $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$ unique detections across various missions. However, there have been no confirmed discoveries of a gravitationally-lensed GRB, despite expected lensing rates of $\sim1$ in $10^{3}$. In light of this, we complete an archival search for lensed GRBs by cross-matching well-localised \emph{Swift}/XRT-detected bursts with a large all-sky sample of galaxy clusters as potential lenses. We find a total of 17 candidate lensed GRBs defined by a 2 arcminute search radius from a cluster in our sample. 14 of our candidates are either confirmed to be at higher redshifts than their cross-matched cluster, or are consistent with a higher redshift origin based on the Amati relation between $E_{p,i}$ and $E_{\rm iso}$ of GRBs, indicating they are, at some level, lensed by their nearby cluster. Using the Amati relation and the lens-GRB separation, we quantify the magnification experienced by each GRB. We find $μ< 10$ for all except for one candidate, GRB~071031, which is consistent with $μ> 10$, but is uncertain. Another candidate, GRB~050509B, does not have a directly measured redshift, but was previously assumed to be at the redshift of its nearby cluster, $z=0.225$. We produce a lens model of this cluster and show that GRB~050509B is consistent with $z>1$ and magnified by $μ\simeq2-6$. We present these findings in anticipation of future lensed GRB discoveries enabled by facilities such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in the coming years.
title An archival search for gamma-ray bursts gravitationally lensed by galaxy clusters
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06311