Hot Standby in Ammonia Synthesis Reshapes Market Equilibrium in Renewable P2A Systems: A Potential Game Approach
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866914456012849152 |
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| author | Zeng, Yangjun Qiu, Yiwei Sun, Xiaocong Zhu, Jie Li, Jiarong Chen, Shi Zhou, Buxiang Xie, Kaigui |
| author_facet | Zeng, Yangjun Qiu, Yiwei Sun, Xiaocong Zhu, Jie Li, Jiarong Chen, Shi Zhou, Buxiang Xie, Kaigui |
| contents | Integrating renewable generation, hydrogen production, and renewable ammonia (RA) synthesis into power-to-ammonia (P2A) systems creates interactions across electricity and hydrogen markets. Limited operational flexibility, however, places RA at a disadvantage at the Nash equilibrium (NE). Recent advances in ammonia synthesis reactor design enable hot standby (HSB) operation, improving flexibility but introducing integer decision variables that complicate market equilibrium analysis. To address this challenge, we develop a potential game model and derive a convergent ε-approximate equilibrium via an iterative best-response approach. Case studies show that HSB reduces RA's reliance on hydrogen purchases and increases its profit by 20.14%. More importantly, HSB shifts the market equilibrium toward a more mutually beneficial outcome. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_06593 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Hot Standby in Ammonia Synthesis Reshapes Market Equilibrium in Renewable P2A Systems: A Potential Game Approach Zeng, Yangjun Qiu, Yiwei Sun, Xiaocong Zhu, Jie Li, Jiarong Chen, Shi Zhou, Buxiang Xie, Kaigui Optimization and Control Systems and Control Integrating renewable generation, hydrogen production, and renewable ammonia (RA) synthesis into power-to-ammonia (P2A) systems creates interactions across electricity and hydrogen markets. Limited operational flexibility, however, places RA at a disadvantage at the Nash equilibrium (NE). Recent advances in ammonia synthesis reactor design enable hot standby (HSB) operation, improving flexibility but introducing integer decision variables that complicate market equilibrium analysis. To address this challenge, we develop a potential game model and derive a convergent ε-approximate equilibrium via an iterative best-response approach. Case studies show that HSB reduces RA's reliance on hydrogen purchases and increases its profit by 20.14%. More importantly, HSB shifts the market equilibrium toward a more mutually beneficial outcome. |
| title | Hot Standby in Ammonia Synthesis Reshapes Market Equilibrium in Renewable P2A Systems: A Potential Game Approach |
| topic | Optimization and Control Systems and Control |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06593 |