Differentiable Environment-Trajectory Co-Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Navigation

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Gao, Zhan, Fadini, Gabriele, Coros, Stelian, Prorok, Amanda
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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author Gao, Zhan
Fadini, Gabriele
Coros, Stelian
Prorok, Amanda
author_facet Gao, Zhan
Fadini, Gabriele
Coros, Stelian
Prorok, Amanda
contents The environment plays a critical role in multi-agent navigation by imposing spatial constraints, rules, and limitations that agents must navigate around. Traditional approaches treat the environment as fixed, without exploring its impact on agents' performance. This work considers environment configurations as decision variables, alongside agent actions, to jointly achieve safe navigation. We formulate a bi-level problem, where the lower-level sub-problem optimizes agent trajectories that minimize navigation cost and the upper-level sub-problem optimizes environment configurations that maximize navigation safety. We develop a differentiable optimization method that iteratively solves the lower-level sub-problem with interior point methods and the upper-level sub-problem with gradient ascent. A key challenge lies in analytically coupling these two levels. We address this by leveraging KKT conditions and the Implicit Function Theorem to compute gradients of agent trajectories w.r.t. environment parameters, enabling differentiation throughout the bi-level structure. Moreover, we propose a novel metric that quantifies navigation safety as a criterion for the upper-level environment optimization, and prove its validity through measure theory. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in a variety of safety-critical navigation scenarios, inspired from warehouse logistics to urban transportation. The results demonstrate that optimized environments provide navigation guidance, improving both agents' safety and efficiency.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_06972
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Differentiable Environment-Trajectory Co-Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Navigation
Gao, Zhan
Fadini, Gabriele
Coros, Stelian
Prorok, Amanda
Robotics
Multiagent Systems
The environment plays a critical role in multi-agent navigation by imposing spatial constraints, rules, and limitations that agents must navigate around. Traditional approaches treat the environment as fixed, without exploring its impact on agents' performance. This work considers environment configurations as decision variables, alongside agent actions, to jointly achieve safe navigation. We formulate a bi-level problem, where the lower-level sub-problem optimizes agent trajectories that minimize navigation cost and the upper-level sub-problem optimizes environment configurations that maximize navigation safety. We develop a differentiable optimization method that iteratively solves the lower-level sub-problem with interior point methods and the upper-level sub-problem with gradient ascent. A key challenge lies in analytically coupling these two levels. We address this by leveraging KKT conditions and the Implicit Function Theorem to compute gradients of agent trajectories w.r.t. environment parameters, enabling differentiation throughout the bi-level structure. Moreover, we propose a novel metric that quantifies navigation safety as a criterion for the upper-level environment optimization, and prove its validity through measure theory. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in a variety of safety-critical navigation scenarios, inspired from warehouse logistics to urban transportation. The results demonstrate that optimized environments provide navigation guidance, improving both agents' safety and efficiency.
title Differentiable Environment-Trajectory Co-Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Navigation
topic Robotics
Multiagent Systems
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06972