Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Weisserman, Drew Gromek, Nicole Cloutier, Ryan Bali, Komal Cadieux, Charles Plotnykov, Mykhaylo L'Heureux, Alexandrine Srivastava, Avidaan Carmona, Andres Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. Cristo, Eduardo Delfosse, Xavier Doyon, René Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Martins, Bruno L. Canto Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez De Medeiros, Jose Renan Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José Luan A. Allart, Romain Bazinet, Luc Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Bélanger, Flavie Blackman, Joshua Bourrier, Vincent Branco, Pedro Bruniquel, Vincent Carteret, Yann Cointepas, Marion Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delgado-Mena, Elisa Dorn, Caroline Doshi, Dhvani Faria, João Fontinele, Dasaev O. Forveille, Thierry Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Glover, Jennifer Gomes, Roseane de Lima Grieves, Nolan Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Jahandar, Farbod Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Lamontagne, Pierrot Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Lipper, Justin Messamah, Lina Messias, Yuri S. Monteiro, Telmo Moranta, Leslie Moulla, Khaled Al Mounzer, Dany Mraz, Georgia Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pelletier, Stefan Pereira, Olivia Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Rosener, Riley Seidel, Julia da Silva, João Gomes Silva, Ana Rita Costa Stefanov, Atanas K. Teixeira, Márcio A. Vandal, Thomas Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Yariv, Vincent |
| author_facet | Weisserman, Drew Gromek, Nicole Cloutier, Ryan Bali, Komal Cadieux, Charles Plotnykov, Mykhaylo L'Heureux, Alexandrine Srivastava, Avidaan Carmona, Andres Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. Cristo, Eduardo Delfosse, Xavier Doyon, René Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Martins, Bruno L. Canto Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez De Medeiros, Jose Renan Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José Luan A. Allart, Romain Bazinet, Luc Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Bélanger, Flavie Blackman, Joshua Bourrier, Vincent Branco, Pedro Bruniquel, Vincent Carteret, Yann Cointepas, Marion Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delgado-Mena, Elisa Dorn, Caroline Doshi, Dhvani Faria, João Fontinele, Dasaev O. Forveille, Thierry Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Glover, Jennifer Gomes, Roseane de Lima Grieves, Nolan Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Jahandar, Farbod Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Lamontagne, Pierrot Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Lipper, Justin Messamah, Lina Messias, Yuri S. Monteiro, Telmo Moranta, Leslie Moulla, Khaled Al Mounzer, Dany Mraz, Georgia Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pelletier, Stefan Pereira, Olivia Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Rosener, Riley Seidel, Julia da Silva, João Gomes Silva, Ana Rita Costa Stefanov, Atanas K. Teixeira, Márcio A. Vandal, Thomas Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Yariv, Vincent |
| contents | Tracing the compositional link between terrestrial super-Earths and their host stars provides clues to their dominant formation pathway. By constraining the stellar abundances of refractory elements, we can predict the core mass fractions (CMFs) of their super-Earths. The level of agreement between this prediction and the planetary CMF derived from their masses and radii can reveal past formation processes, like mantle stripping and water-rich formation plus sequestration in the planet's core. Here, we present the first results from the Near Infrared Planet Searcher (NIRPS) GTO CMF subprogram: an intensive radial velocity campaign to refine masses and compute host stellar abundances of three hot super- Earths around M dwarfs (GJ 1132 b, GJ 1252 b, and LTT 3780 b), calculating masses of $1.69 \pm 0.15M_\oplus$, $1.54 \pm 0.18M_\oplus$, and $2.34 \pm 0.10M_\oplus$ respectively. We measure the CMFs of these and six further hot super-Earths with precise masses already available in the literature to 10-15% precision. We compare these to CMF predictions made from measuring the Fe, Mg, and Si abundances of their host stars measured from the NIRPS spectra. We find that the CMFs of these planets are smaller than expected from their host stellar abundances, to a statistically significant degree. This discrepancy is suggestive of significant reservoirs of water, and while these planets are too hot to harbor surface water, they likely have interior water mass fractions of $\sim$1%. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_07447 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs Weisserman, Drew Gromek, Nicole Cloutier, Ryan Bali, Komal Cadieux, Charles Plotnykov, Mykhaylo L'Heureux, Alexandrine Srivastava, Avidaan Carmona, Andres Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Artigau, Étienne Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bouchy, François Bryan, Marta Cook, Neil J. Cowan, Nicolas B. Cristo, Eduardo Delfosse, Xavier Doyon, René Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Hernández, Jonay I. González Lafrenière, David Leão, Izan de Castro Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Martins, Bruno L. Canto Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez De Medeiros, Jose Renan Melo, Claudio Mignon, Lucile Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Aguiar, José Luan A. Allart, Romain Bazinet, Luc Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Bélanger, Flavie Blackman, Joshua Bourrier, Vincent Branco, Pedro Bruniquel, Vincent Carteret, Yann Cointepas, Marion Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delgado-Mena, Elisa Dorn, Caroline Doshi, Dhvani Faria, João Fontinele, Dasaev O. Forveille, Thierry Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Glover, Jennifer Gomes, Roseane de Lima Grieves, Nolan Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Jahandar, Farbod Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Lamontagne, Pierrot Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Lipper, Justin Messamah, Lina Messias, Yuri S. Monteiro, Telmo Moranta, Leslie Moulla, Khaled Al Mounzer, Dany Mraz, Georgia Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pelletier, Stefan Pereira, Olivia Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Rosener, Riley Seidel, Julia da Silva, João Gomes Silva, Ana Rita Costa Stefanov, Atanas K. Teixeira, Márcio A. Vandal, Thomas Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Yariv, Vincent Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Tracing the compositional link between terrestrial super-Earths and their host stars provides clues to their dominant formation pathway. By constraining the stellar abundances of refractory elements, we can predict the core mass fractions (CMFs) of their super-Earths. The level of agreement between this prediction and the planetary CMF derived from their masses and radii can reveal past formation processes, like mantle stripping and water-rich formation plus sequestration in the planet's core. Here, we present the first results from the Near Infrared Planet Searcher (NIRPS) GTO CMF subprogram: an intensive radial velocity campaign to refine masses and compute host stellar abundances of three hot super- Earths around M dwarfs (GJ 1132 b, GJ 1252 b, and LTT 3780 b), calculating masses of $1.69 \pm 0.15M_\oplus$, $1.54 \pm 0.18M_\oplus$, and $2.34 \pm 0.10M_\oplus$ respectively. We measure the CMFs of these and six further hot super-Earths with precise masses already available in the literature to 10-15% precision. We compare these to CMF predictions made from measuring the Fe, Mg, and Si abundances of their host stars measured from the NIRPS spectra. We find that the CMFs of these planets are smaller than expected from their host stellar abundances, to a statistically significant degree. This discrepancy is suggestive of significant reservoirs of water, and while these planets are too hot to harbor surface water, they likely have interior water mass fractions of $\sim$1%. |
| title | Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07447 |