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Main Authors: Heeck, Julian, Zhi, Yu
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07454
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author Heeck, Julian
Zhi, Yu
author_facet Heeck, Julian
Zhi, Yu
contents Q-balls are large bound-state systems of scalar particles, described classically through localized solutions of the equations of motion. Promoting the required stabilizing $U(1)$ symmetry to a gauge symmetry leads to gauged Q-balls, which cannot grow beyond some maximal size and charge on account of the repulsive gauge interactions. These gauged Q-balls have been studied extensively for scalar potentials that satisfy Coleman's thin-wall criterion; here, we explore gauged Q-balls in flat potentials, which often occur in supersymmetric models. Even though global Q-balls in flat potentials are qualitatively different from Coleman's Q-balls, we find that the gauged versions are remarkably similar. We provide analytic approximations for these solitons and compare to numerical solutions. In addition, we study Proca Q-balls, i.e. make the gauge bosons massive, which interpolates between the global and gauged cases.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_07454
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Gauged Q-balls in flat potentials
Heeck, Julian
Zhi, Yu
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Q-balls are large bound-state systems of scalar particles, described classically through localized solutions of the equations of motion. Promoting the required stabilizing $U(1)$ symmetry to a gauge symmetry leads to gauged Q-balls, which cannot grow beyond some maximal size and charge on account of the repulsive gauge interactions. These gauged Q-balls have been studied extensively for scalar potentials that satisfy Coleman's thin-wall criterion; here, we explore gauged Q-balls in flat potentials, which often occur in supersymmetric models. Even though global Q-balls in flat potentials are qualitatively different from Coleman's Q-balls, we find that the gauged versions are remarkably similar. We provide analytic approximations for these solitons and compare to numerical solutions. In addition, we study Proca Q-balls, i.e. make the gauge bosons massive, which interpolates between the global and gauged cases.
title Gauged Q-balls in flat potentials
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07454