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Hauptverfasser: Zhang, Xuechen, Slobodkin, Aviv, Paul, Joydeep, Sharma, Mandar, Oymak, Samet, Shetty, Shravya, Prasad, Gautam
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07490
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author Zhang, Xuechen
Slobodkin, Aviv
Paul, Joydeep
Sharma, Mandar
Oymak, Samet
Shetty, Shravya
Prasad, Gautam
author_facet Zhang, Xuechen
Slobodkin, Aviv
Paul, Joydeep
Sharma, Mandar
Oymak, Samet
Shetty, Shravya
Prasad, Gautam
contents Representation learning for geospatial and spatio-temporal data plays a critical role in enabling general-purpose geospatial intelligence. Recent geospatial foundation models, such as the Population Dynamics Foundation Model (PDFM), encode complex population and mobility dynamics into compact embeddings. However, their integration with Large Language Models (LLMs) remains limited. Existing approaches to LLM integration treat these embeddings as retrieval indices or convert them into textual descriptions for reasoning, introducing redundancy, token inefficiency, and numerical inaccuracies. We propose Direct Feature Reasoning-Gemma (DFR-Gemma), a novel framework that enables LLMs to reason directly over dense geospatial embeddings. DFR aligns high-dimensional embeddings with the latent space of an LLM via a lightweight projector, allowing embeddings to be injected as semantic tokens alongside natural language instructions. This design eliminates the need for intermediate textual representations and enables intrinsic reasoning over spatial features. To evaluate this paradigm, we introduce a multi-task geospatial benchmark that pairs embeddings with diverse question-answer tasks, including feature querying, comparison, and semantic description. Experimental results show that DFR allows LLMs to decode latent spatial patterns and perform accurate zero-shot reasoning across tasks, while significantly improving efficiency compared to text-based baselines. Our results demonstrate that treating embeddings as primary data inputs, provides a more direct, efficient, and scalable approach to multimodal geospatial intelligence.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_07490
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Enabling Intrinsic Reasoning over Dense Geospatial Embeddings with DFR-Gemma
Zhang, Xuechen
Slobodkin, Aviv
Paul, Joydeep
Sharma, Mandar
Oymak, Samet
Shetty, Shravya
Prasad, Gautam
Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
Representation learning for geospatial and spatio-temporal data plays a critical role in enabling general-purpose geospatial intelligence. Recent geospatial foundation models, such as the Population Dynamics Foundation Model (PDFM), encode complex population and mobility dynamics into compact embeddings. However, their integration with Large Language Models (LLMs) remains limited. Existing approaches to LLM integration treat these embeddings as retrieval indices or convert them into textual descriptions for reasoning, introducing redundancy, token inefficiency, and numerical inaccuracies. We propose Direct Feature Reasoning-Gemma (DFR-Gemma), a novel framework that enables LLMs to reason directly over dense geospatial embeddings. DFR aligns high-dimensional embeddings with the latent space of an LLM via a lightweight projector, allowing embeddings to be injected as semantic tokens alongside natural language instructions. This design eliminates the need for intermediate textual representations and enables intrinsic reasoning over spatial features. To evaluate this paradigm, we introduce a multi-task geospatial benchmark that pairs embeddings with diverse question-answer tasks, including feature querying, comparison, and semantic description. Experimental results show that DFR allows LLMs to decode latent spatial patterns and perform accurate zero-shot reasoning across tasks, while significantly improving efficiency compared to text-based baselines. Our results demonstrate that treating embeddings as primary data inputs, provides a more direct, efficient, and scalable approach to multimodal geospatial intelligence.
title Enabling Intrinsic Reasoning over Dense Geospatial Embeddings with DFR-Gemma
topic Computation and Language
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07490