Spatio-Temporal Grounding of Large Language Models from Perception Streams

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Main Authors: Anderson, Jacob, Hoxha, Bardh, Fainekos, Georgios, Okamoto, Hideki, Prokhorov, Danil
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Anderson, Jacob
Hoxha, Bardh
Fainekos, Georgios
Okamoto, Hideki
Prokhorov, Danil
author_facet Anderson, Jacob
Hoxha, Bardh
Fainekos, Georgios
Okamoto, Hideki
Prokhorov, Danil
contents Embodied-AI agents must reason about how objects move and interact in 3-D space over time, yet existing smaller frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) still mis-handle fine-grained spatial relations, metric distances, and temporal orderings. We introduce the general framework Formally Explainable Spatio-Temporal Scenes (FESTS) that injects verifiable spatio-temporal supervision into an LLM by compiling natural-language queries into Spatial Regular Expression (SpRE) -- a language combining regular expression syntax with S4u spatial logic and extended here with universal and existential quantification. The pipeline matches each SpRE against any structured video log and exports aligned (query, frames, match, explanation) tuples, enabling unlimited training data without manual labels. Training a 3-billion-parameter model on 27k such tuples boosts frame-level F1 from 48.5% to 87.5%, matching GPT-4.1 on complex spatio-temporal reasoning while remaining two orders of magnitude smaller, and, hence, enabling spatio-temporal intelligence for Video LLM.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_07592
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Spatio-Temporal Grounding of Large Language Models from Perception Streams
Anderson, Jacob
Hoxha, Bardh
Fainekos, Georgios
Okamoto, Hideki
Prokhorov, Danil
Robotics
Embodied-AI agents must reason about how objects move and interact in 3-D space over time, yet existing smaller frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) still mis-handle fine-grained spatial relations, metric distances, and temporal orderings. We introduce the general framework Formally Explainable Spatio-Temporal Scenes (FESTS) that injects verifiable spatio-temporal supervision into an LLM by compiling natural-language queries into Spatial Regular Expression (SpRE) -- a language combining regular expression syntax with S4u spatial logic and extended here with universal and existential quantification. The pipeline matches each SpRE against any structured video log and exports aligned (query, frames, match, explanation) tuples, enabling unlimited training data without manual labels. Training a 3-billion-parameter model on 27k such tuples boosts frame-level F1 from 48.5% to 87.5%, matching GPT-4.1 on complex spatio-temporal reasoning while remaining two orders of magnitude smaller, and, hence, enabling spatio-temporal intelligence for Video LLM.
title Spatio-Temporal Grounding of Large Language Models from Perception Streams
topic Robotics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07592