A Natural $\gtrsim 100\times$ Telescope: Discovery of the Strongly Lensed Type II SN 2025mkn at $z=1.37$
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2026
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| author | Lemon, Cameron Goobar, Ariel Johansson, Joel Mörtsell, Edvard Schulze, Steve Andreoni, Igor Bochenek, Aleksandra Brennan, Seán J. Busmann, Malte Coughlin, Michael Das, Kaustav K. Dhawan, Suhail Fremling, Christoffer Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Gruen, Daniel Hall, Xander J. Ho, Anna Y. Q. Kasliwal, Mansi M. Perley, Daniel A. Rigault, Mickael Schroeder, Genevieve Smith, Mathew Sollerman, Jesper Somalwar, Jean J. Stein, Robert Thorp, Stephen Townsend, Alice Wise, Jacob L. Yan, Lin Arendse, Nikki Bellm, Eric C. Chen, Tracy X. Drake, Andrew Masci, Frank J. Purdum, Josiah Smith, Roger Hinkle, Jason T. Rivera-Thorsen, T. Emil Shappee, Benjamin J. Tucker, Michael A. Aguilar, Jessica Ahlen, Steven Aldering, Greg Benzvi, Segev Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Claybaugh, Todd de la Macorra, Axel Della Costa, John Dey, Arjun Doel, Peter Flaugher, Brenna Font-Ribera, Andreu Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A. Gutierrez, Gaston Huterer, Dragan Ishak, Mustapha Jimenez, Jorge Joyce, Dick Juneau, Stephanie Kehoe, Robert Kim, Alex G. Kirkby, David Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Levi, Michael E. Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moustakas, John Nadathur, Seshadri O'Connor, Brendan Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Palmese, Antonella Percival, Will J. Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Poppett, Claire Prada, Francisco Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Shafieloo, Arman Silber, Joseph Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin A. Zou, Hu |
| author_facet | Lemon, Cameron Goobar, Ariel Johansson, Joel Mörtsell, Edvard Schulze, Steve Andreoni, Igor Bochenek, Aleksandra Brennan, Seán J. Busmann, Malte Coughlin, Michael Das, Kaustav K. Dhawan, Suhail Fremling, Christoffer Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Gruen, Daniel Hall, Xander J. Ho, Anna Y. Q. Kasliwal, Mansi M. Perley, Daniel A. Rigault, Mickael Schroeder, Genevieve Smith, Mathew Sollerman, Jesper Somalwar, Jean J. Stein, Robert Thorp, Stephen Townsend, Alice Wise, Jacob L. Yan, Lin Arendse, Nikki Bellm, Eric C. Chen, Tracy X. Drake, Andrew Masci, Frank J. Purdum, Josiah Smith, Roger Hinkle, Jason T. Rivera-Thorsen, T. Emil Shappee, Benjamin J. Tucker, Michael A. Aguilar, Jessica Ahlen, Steven Aldering, Greg Benzvi, Segev Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Claybaugh, Todd de la Macorra, Axel Della Costa, John Dey, Arjun Doel, Peter Flaugher, Brenna Font-Ribera, Andreu Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A. Gutierrez, Gaston Huterer, Dragan Ishak, Mustapha Jimenez, Jorge Joyce, Dick Juneau, Stephanie Kehoe, Robert Kim, Alex G. Kirkby, David Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Levi, Michael E. Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moustakas, John Nadathur, Seshadri O'Connor, Brendan Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Palmese, Antonella Percival, Will J. Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Poppett, Claire Prada, Francisco Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Shafieloo, Arman Silber, Joseph Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin A. Zou, Hu |
| contents | We present the discovery of SN 2025mkn, a gravitationally lensed Type II supernova. First detected as a blue transient in ZTF, 0.83$^{\prime\prime}$ from a $z=0.42$ elliptical galaxy, follow-up SNIFS/UH2.2m and LRIS/Keck spectra revealed absorption lines at $z=1.371$. Later JWST NIRCam imaging shows that the bright transient is a close pair of point sources separated by $\sim 0.07^{\prime\prime}$, and a 30 times fainter counterimage opposite the lens, for which NIRSpec reveals strong H$α$ emission also at $z=1.371$. The light curves and spectra are consistent with the Type II supernova source being magnified $\gtrsim 100$ times, with $\sim 250$ required to reconcile its luminosity with that of nearby events such as SN 2023ixf. Lens models are consistent with such high magnifications, and always show that the faint image arrived first (undetected in earlier ZTF imaging), consistent with the later spectral phase of this fainter image. A fourth image is also predicted and possibly detected in the NIRSpec data. Light-curve-based time-delay measurements are not possible due to the first image being the faintest; however, the resolved NIRSpec spectra offer a future opportunity for time-delay cosmography through supernova phase measurements. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_07983 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Natural $\gtrsim 100\times$ Telescope: Discovery of the Strongly Lensed Type II SN 2025mkn at $z=1.37$ Lemon, Cameron Goobar, Ariel Johansson, Joel Mörtsell, Edvard Schulze, Steve Andreoni, Igor Bochenek, Aleksandra Brennan, Seán J. Busmann, Malte Coughlin, Michael Das, Kaustav K. Dhawan, Suhail Fremling, Christoffer Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Gruen, Daniel Hall, Xander J. Ho, Anna Y. Q. Kasliwal, Mansi M. Perley, Daniel A. Rigault, Mickael Schroeder, Genevieve Smith, Mathew Sollerman, Jesper Somalwar, Jean J. Stein, Robert Thorp, Stephen Townsend, Alice Wise, Jacob L. Yan, Lin Arendse, Nikki Bellm, Eric C. Chen, Tracy X. Drake, Andrew Masci, Frank J. Purdum, Josiah Smith, Roger Hinkle, Jason T. Rivera-Thorsen, T. Emil Shappee, Benjamin J. Tucker, Michael A. Aguilar, Jessica Ahlen, Steven Aldering, Greg Benzvi, Segev Bianchi, Davide Brooks, David Claybaugh, Todd de la Macorra, Axel Della Costa, John Dey, Arjun Doel, Peter Flaugher, Brenna Font-Ribera, Andreu Forero-Romero, Jaime E. Gaztañaga, Enrique Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A. Gutierrez, Gaston Huterer, Dragan Ishak, Mustapha Jimenez, Jorge Joyce, Dick Juneau, Stephanie Kehoe, Robert Kim, Alex G. Kirkby, David Kisner, Theodore Kremin, Anthony Lahav, Ofer Landriau, Martin Guillou, Laurent Le Levi, Michael E. Manera, Marc Meisner, Aaron Miquel, Ramon Moustakas, John Nadathur, Seshadri O'Connor, Brendan Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie Palmese, Antonella Percival, Will J. Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi Poppett, Claire Prada, Francisco Rossi, Graziano Sanchez, Eusebio Schlegel, David Schubnell, Michael Shafieloo, Arman Silber, Joseph Sprayberry, David Tarlé, Gregory Weaver, Benjamin A. Zou, Hu Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies We present the discovery of SN 2025mkn, a gravitationally lensed Type II supernova. First detected as a blue transient in ZTF, 0.83$^{\prime\prime}$ from a $z=0.42$ elliptical galaxy, follow-up SNIFS/UH2.2m and LRIS/Keck spectra revealed absorption lines at $z=1.371$. Later JWST NIRCam imaging shows that the bright transient is a close pair of point sources separated by $\sim 0.07^{\prime\prime}$, and a 30 times fainter counterimage opposite the lens, for which NIRSpec reveals strong H$α$ emission also at $z=1.371$. The light curves and spectra are consistent with the Type II supernova source being magnified $\gtrsim 100$ times, with $\sim 250$ required to reconcile its luminosity with that of nearby events such as SN 2023ixf. Lens models are consistent with such high magnifications, and always show that the faint image arrived first (undetected in earlier ZTF imaging), consistent with the later spectral phase of this fainter image. A fourth image is also predicted and possibly detected in the NIRSpec data. Light-curve-based time-delay measurements are not possible due to the first image being the faintest; however, the resolved NIRSpec spectra offer a future opportunity for time-delay cosmography through supernova phase measurements. |
| title | A Natural $\gtrsim 100\times$ Telescope: Discovery of the Strongly Lensed Type II SN 2025mkn at $z=1.37$ |
| topic | Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07983 |