Counting HyperGraphlets via Color Coding: a Quadratic Barrier and How to Break It

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Main Authors: Bressan, Marco, Clemente, Stefano, Fumagalli, Giacomo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Bressan, Marco
Clemente, Stefano
Fumagalli, Giacomo
author_facet Bressan, Marco
Clemente, Stefano
Fumagalli, Giacomo
contents We study the problem of counting $k$-hypergraphlets, an interesting but surprisingly ignored primitive, with the aim of understanding whether efficient algorithms exist. To this end, we consider color coding, a well-known technique for approximately counting $k$-graphlets in graphs. Our first result is that, on hypergraphs, color coding encounters a quadratic barrier: under the Orthogonal Vector Conjecture, no implementation can run in sub-quadratic time in the input size. We then introduce a simple property, $(α,β)$-niceness, that hypergraphs from real-world datasets appear to satisfy for small values of $α$ and $β$. Intuitively, an $(α,β)$-nice hypergraph can be split into two sub-hypergraphs having respectively rank at most $α$ and degree at most $β$. By applying different techniques to each sub-hypergraph and carefully combining the outputs, we show how to run color coding in time $2^{O(k)} \cdot (2^β|V| + α^k |E| + α^2 β\|H\|)$, where $H=(V,E)$ is the input hypergraph. Afterwards, we can sample colorful $k$-hypergraphlets uniformly in expected $k^{O(k)} \cdot (β^2 + \ln |V|)$ time per sample. Experiments on real-world hypergraphs show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the naive quadratic algorithm, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_08278
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Counting HyperGraphlets via Color Coding: a Quadratic Barrier and How to Break It
Bressan, Marco
Clemente, Stefano
Fumagalli, Giacomo
Data Structures and Algorithms
Databases
Discrete Mathematics
Social and Information Networks
68W05, 68R10
H.2.8; H.2.4; F.2.2
We study the problem of counting $k$-hypergraphlets, an interesting but surprisingly ignored primitive, with the aim of understanding whether efficient algorithms exist. To this end, we consider color coding, a well-known technique for approximately counting $k$-graphlets in graphs. Our first result is that, on hypergraphs, color coding encounters a quadratic barrier: under the Orthogonal Vector Conjecture, no implementation can run in sub-quadratic time in the input size. We then introduce a simple property, $(α,β)$-niceness, that hypergraphs from real-world datasets appear to satisfy for small values of $α$ and $β$. Intuitively, an $(α,β)$-nice hypergraph can be split into two sub-hypergraphs having respectively rank at most $α$ and degree at most $β$. By applying different techniques to each sub-hypergraph and carefully combining the outputs, we show how to run color coding in time $2^{O(k)} \cdot (2^β|V| + α^k |E| + α^2 β\|H\|)$, where $H=(V,E)$ is the input hypergraph. Afterwards, we can sample colorful $k$-hypergraphlets uniformly in expected $k^{O(k)} \cdot (β^2 + \ln |V|)$ time per sample. Experiments on real-world hypergraphs show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the naive quadratic algorithm, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude.
title Counting HyperGraphlets via Color Coding: a Quadratic Barrier and How to Break It
topic Data Structures and Algorithms
Databases
Discrete Mathematics
Social and Information Networks
68W05, 68R10
H.2.8; H.2.4; F.2.2
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.08278