Unifying topological, geometric, and complex classifications of black hole thermodynamics

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Zhang, Shi-Hao, Wei, Shao-Wen, Zhang, Jing-Fei, Zhang, Xin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Zhang, Shi-Hao
Wei, Shao-Wen
Zhang, Jing-Fei
Zhang, Xin
author_facet Zhang, Shi-Hao
Wei, Shao-Wen
Zhang, Jing-Fei
Zhang, Xin
contents Black hole thermodynamics has recently witnessed three distinct classification schemes: based on local geometric properties of the temperature function, global topological invariants, and Riemann surface foliations in the complex plane. We show that these schemes are equivalent in the real domain via two dictionaries: one linking thermal stability to the monotonicity of the temperature curve, and the other connecting the number of black hole states to the foliation number of a Riemann surface. The number of extremal points of the temperature curve determines the classification in all three frameworks, tracing this unification to the critical point structure of the black hole solution space. As an illustration, several black holes demonstrate how counting extrema yields topological invariants and phase transition information. This unified framework simplifies black hole thermodynamic analysis and provides a foundation for exploring more complex black holes.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_08315
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Unifying topological, geometric, and complex classifications of black hole thermodynamics
Zhang, Shi-Hao
Wei, Shao-Wen
Zhang, Jing-Fei
Zhang, Xin
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
Black hole thermodynamics has recently witnessed three distinct classification schemes: based on local geometric properties of the temperature function, global topological invariants, and Riemann surface foliations in the complex plane. We show that these schemes are equivalent in the real domain via two dictionaries: one linking thermal stability to the monotonicity of the temperature curve, and the other connecting the number of black hole states to the foliation number of a Riemann surface. The number of extremal points of the temperature curve determines the classification in all three frameworks, tracing this unification to the critical point structure of the black hole solution space. As an illustration, several black holes demonstrate how counting extrema yields topological invariants and phase transition information. This unified framework simplifies black hole thermodynamic analysis and provides a foundation for exploring more complex black holes.
title Unifying topological, geometric, and complex classifications of black hole thermodynamics
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.08315