Post-Quantum Cryptography-Based Bidirectional Authentication Key Exchange Protocol and Industry Applications: A Case Study of Instant Messaging

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Chen, Abel C. H., Tung, James W. H., Lin, Austin B. Y., Chen, Chin-Ling, Chang, Ching-Chun, Chang, Chin-Chen
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Chen, Abel C. H.
Tung, James W. H.
Lin, Austin B. Y.
Chen, Chin-Ling
Chang, Ching-Chun
Chang, Chin-Chen
author_facet Chen, Abel C. H.
Tung, James W. H.
Lin, Austin B. Y.
Chen, Chin-Ling
Chang, Ching-Chun
Chang, Chin-Chen
contents This study aims to enhance the bidirectional authentication capability of ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism) by proposing the post-quantum cryptography-based (PQC-based) bidirectional authentication key exchange protocol. Furthermore, it introduces dual-usage certificates combining PQC-based DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) and PQC-based KEM, which include composite schemes, catalyst schemes, and chameleon schemes. These dual-usage certificates utilize the PQC-based DSA public key and PQC-based KEM public key within the certificate to meet the requirements for bidirectional authentication and encryption, enabling the negotiation of a shared secret key. During the experimental phase, the study validates and compares key exchange message lengths and computation times under different certificate configurations. Finally, instant messaging is presented as an industry application to demonstrate the practical implementation of the proposed protocol.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_08612
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Post-Quantum Cryptography-Based Bidirectional Authentication Key Exchange Protocol and Industry Applications: A Case Study of Instant Messaging
Chen, Abel C. H.
Tung, James W. H.
Lin, Austin B. Y.
Chen, Chin-Ling
Chang, Ching-Chun
Chang, Chin-Chen
Cryptography and Security
Networking and Internet Architecture
This study aims to enhance the bidirectional authentication capability of ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism) by proposing the post-quantum cryptography-based (PQC-based) bidirectional authentication key exchange protocol. Furthermore, it introduces dual-usage certificates combining PQC-based DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) and PQC-based KEM, which include composite schemes, catalyst schemes, and chameleon schemes. These dual-usage certificates utilize the PQC-based DSA public key and PQC-based KEM public key within the certificate to meet the requirements for bidirectional authentication and encryption, enabling the negotiation of a shared secret key. During the experimental phase, the study validates and compares key exchange message lengths and computation times under different certificate configurations. Finally, instant messaging is presented as an industry application to demonstrate the practical implementation of the proposed protocol.
title Post-Quantum Cryptography-Based Bidirectional Authentication Key Exchange Protocol and Industry Applications: A Case Study of Instant Messaging
topic Cryptography and Security
Networking and Internet Architecture
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.08612