Systematic API Testing Through Model Checking and Executable Contracts
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Ribeiro, Ana Mamede, Margarida Ferreira, Carla |
| author_facet | Ribeiro, Ana Mamede, Margarida Ferreira, Carla |
| contents | Automated black-box testing of APIs typically relies on interface specifications that define available operations and data schemas, but offer limited or no behavioural semantics. This semantic gap amplifies the test-oracle problem and limits the generation of effective, stateful call sequences.
We introduce IcePick, a framework that achieves systematic state-space coverage for API testing by leveraging model checking. IcePick uses TLA+ to formally model API state evolution, employs the TLC model checker to exhaustively explore reachable states, and generates test sequences that provably cover the behavioural model. To mitigate state-space explosion and improve sequence extraction, we introduce a coverage-guided breadth-first traversal of the TLC state-space graph. To address oracle limitations beyond HTTP status codes, we propose Glacier, a first-order logic contract language that enriches API specifications with executable semantic contracts, enabling automated behavioural verification during test execution.
We evaluate IcePick on EvoMaster Benchmark systems, demonstrating that model-checking-guided exploration achieves complete state coverage and reveals faults in multi-operation interactions. We also analyse scalability to characterise practical limits and applicability requirements. Overall, IcePick provides reproducible test suites with strong coverage guarantees for critical API-based systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_08633 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Systematic API Testing Through Model Checking and Executable Contracts Ribeiro, Ana Mamede, Margarida Ferreira, Carla Software Engineering Automated black-box testing of APIs typically relies on interface specifications that define available operations and data schemas, but offer limited or no behavioural semantics. This semantic gap amplifies the test-oracle problem and limits the generation of effective, stateful call sequences. We introduce IcePick, a framework that achieves systematic state-space coverage for API testing by leveraging model checking. IcePick uses TLA+ to formally model API state evolution, employs the TLC model checker to exhaustively explore reachable states, and generates test sequences that provably cover the behavioural model. To mitigate state-space explosion and improve sequence extraction, we introduce a coverage-guided breadth-first traversal of the TLC state-space graph. To address oracle limitations beyond HTTP status codes, we propose Glacier, a first-order logic contract language that enriches API specifications with executable semantic contracts, enabling automated behavioural verification during test execution. We evaluate IcePick on EvoMaster Benchmark systems, demonstrating that model-checking-guided exploration achieves complete state coverage and reveals faults in multi-operation interactions. We also analyse scalability to characterise practical limits and applicability requirements. Overall, IcePick provides reproducible test suites with strong coverage guarantees for critical API-based systems. |
| title | Systematic API Testing Through Model Checking and Executable Contracts |
| topic | Software Engineering |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.08633 |