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Autores principales: Pierzyna, Maximilian, Basu, Sukanta, Saathof, Rudolf
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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Acceso en línea:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.09346
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author Pierzyna, Maximilian
Basu, Sukanta
Saathof, Rudolf
author_facet Pierzyna, Maximilian
Basu, Sukanta
Saathof, Rudolf
contents Accurate high-resolution vertical profiles of optical turbulence ($C_n^2$), which reflect local meteorology and topography, are crucial for ground-based optical astronomy and free-space optical communication. However, measuring these profiles or generating them with numerical weather models requires substantial operational or computational effort. In this work, we present OTProf, a deep-learning method that estimates high-resolution $C_n^2$ profiles from widely available coarse-resolution ERA5 reanalysis data. We evaluate the approach in the Netherlands and compare it with the commonly used Hufnagel-Valley model. Overall, OTProf reproduces the vertical structure of $C_n^2$ more accurately than Hufnagel-Valley and yields more accurate estimates of the Fried parameter $r_0$ and the scintillation index $σ_I^2$. As typical in machine learning, the $C_n^2$ predictions are slightly smoothed compared to reference data, especially in cases of rare strong turbulence. This smoothing affects the integrated parameters, sometimes leading to overly optimistic $r_0$ and $σ_I^2$ values. Despite this limitation, OTProf offers a more accurate, efficient, and physically consistent alternative to traditional analytical models and computationally expensive mesoscale models.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_09346
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
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spellingShingle OTProf: estimating high-resolution profiles of optical turbulence ($C_n^2$) from reanalysis using deep learning
Pierzyna, Maximilian
Basu, Sukanta
Saathof, Rudolf
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Accurate high-resolution vertical profiles of optical turbulence ($C_n^2$), which reflect local meteorology and topography, are crucial for ground-based optical astronomy and free-space optical communication. However, measuring these profiles or generating them with numerical weather models requires substantial operational or computational effort. In this work, we present OTProf, a deep-learning method that estimates high-resolution $C_n^2$ profiles from widely available coarse-resolution ERA5 reanalysis data. We evaluate the approach in the Netherlands and compare it with the commonly used Hufnagel-Valley model. Overall, OTProf reproduces the vertical structure of $C_n^2$ more accurately than Hufnagel-Valley and yields more accurate estimates of the Fried parameter $r_0$ and the scintillation index $σ_I^2$. As typical in machine learning, the $C_n^2$ predictions are slightly smoothed compared to reference data, especially in cases of rare strong turbulence. This smoothing affects the integrated parameters, sometimes leading to overly optimistic $r_0$ and $σ_I^2$ values. Despite this limitation, OTProf offers a more accurate, efficient, and physically consistent alternative to traditional analytical models and computationally expensive mesoscale models.
title OTProf: estimating high-resolution profiles of optical turbulence ($C_n^2$) from reanalysis using deep learning
topic Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.09346