Raman amplification and ISRS in SDM links: Analytical evaluation and closed-form models for optical transmission

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Zischler, Lucas Alves, Mecozzi, Antonio, Antonelli, Cristian
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Zischler, Lucas Alves
Mecozzi, Antonio
Antonelli, Cristian
author_facet Zischler, Lucas Alves
Mecozzi, Antonio
Antonelli, Cristian
contents In optical communications, the Raman effect is exploited for its lasing properties in distributed Raman amplification (DRA) and leads to spectral distortions through inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS). In single-mode fibers, these effects are well understood and modeled, but equivalent closed-form expressions for arbitrarily coupled space-division multiplexing (SDM) links are lacking. In this work, we expand upon previous literature by providing closed-form expressions modelling DRA and ISRS in common SDM fiber designs that support arbitrarily-coupled degenerate mode-groups, incorporate mode coupling, and accounting for inter-modal non-linear effects, showing excellent agreement with simulations. The derived formulas are then applied to representative scenarios, illustrating how distinct pump and fiber configurations influence gain and mode-dependent gain (MDG). Finally, we describe suggested routines for experimentally estimating the Raman response profiles of SDM fibers.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_09379
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Raman amplification and ISRS in SDM links: Analytical evaluation and closed-form models for optical transmission
Zischler, Lucas Alves
Mecozzi, Antonio
Antonelli, Cristian
Optics
In optical communications, the Raman effect is exploited for its lasing properties in distributed Raman amplification (DRA) and leads to spectral distortions through inter-channel stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS). In single-mode fibers, these effects are well understood and modeled, but equivalent closed-form expressions for arbitrarily coupled space-division multiplexing (SDM) links are lacking. In this work, we expand upon previous literature by providing closed-form expressions modelling DRA and ISRS in common SDM fiber designs that support arbitrarily-coupled degenerate mode-groups, incorporate mode coupling, and accounting for inter-modal non-linear effects, showing excellent agreement with simulations. The derived formulas are then applied to representative scenarios, illustrating how distinct pump and fiber configurations influence gain and mode-dependent gain (MDG). Finally, we describe suggested routines for experimentally estimating the Raman response profiles of SDM fibers.
title Raman amplification and ISRS in SDM links: Analytical evaluation and closed-form models for optical transmission
topic Optics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.09379